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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
Published on: October 20, 2017
Cavernous angiomas of the brain stem and spinal cord
1Department of Surgical Neurology, The National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
Abstract:
This article reviews the pathology, clinical course and management of cavernous angiomas in the brain stem and spinal cord. Both lesions have been diagnosed with increasing frequency as a result of magnetic resonance image scanning. Brain stem lesions tend to present dramatically; their treatment remains microsurgical excision despite some studies that have looked at the use of radiosurgery. Spinal lesions are either extra-, or more commonly, intramedullary. Intramedullary cavernomas present with a wide spectrum of symptoms ranging from acute haematomyelia to presentations that mimic demylelinating conditions; extramedullary cavernous angiomas tend to produce radicular symptoms or subarachnoid haemorrhage. Both are treated by microsurgical excision.
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