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Related Concept Videos

Pneumothorax-I01:26

Pneumothorax-I

A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.
Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology01:08

Pneumothorax II: Pathophysiology

Pneumothorax means the presence of air in the pleural space — the thin potential gap between the visceral and parietal pleura. This condition disrupts the normal pressure balance that keeps the lungs inflated, leading to partial or complete collapse of the affected lung.Normal physiologyUnder normal conditions, the pleural space maintains a slightly negative intrapleural pressure, which keeps the lungs expanded against the chest wall. This negative pressure creates a delicate balance between...
Pneumothorax-II01:27

Pneumothorax-II

Pneumothorax is a medical condition defined by the buildup of air in the pleural space between the lungs and the chest wall. This accumulation of air can lead to partial or complete lung collapse, resulting in a range of clinical manifestations. Understanding the clinical presentation and effective management strategies is crucial for healthcare professionals in providing timely and appropriate care to individuals with pneumothorax.
Clinical Manifestations:
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:29

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...
Pneumonia I: Introduction01:30

Pneumonia I: Introduction

Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
Risk Factors
Various factors influence the likelihood of developing pneumonia. Age plays a crucial role, with infants, children under two, and individuals over 65 at increased risk due to their...
Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure
05:50

International Expert Consensus and Recommendations for Neonatal Pneumothorax Ultrasound Diagnosis and Ultrasound-guided Thoracentesis Procedure

Published on: March 12, 2020

Spontaneous pneumocephalus.

B T Wakefield1, B P Brophy

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, South Australia 5008, Australia.

Journal of Clinical Neuroscience : Official Journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia
|July 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spontaneous pneumocephalus (PC), an uncommon intracranial gas collection, can occur without trauma. This case highlights nose blowing as a potential cause of spontaneous PC via a sphenoid sinus defect.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Otolaryngology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Pneumocephalus (PC) is defined as intracranial gas collection.
  • Most PC cases are secondary to trauma or iatrogenic causes.
  • Spontaneous, non-traumatic PC is rare, often linked to infection, neoplasia, or otogenic disease.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a rare case of spontaneous pneumocephalus.
  • To investigate the etiology of non-traumatic PC.
  • To highlight a potential mechanism for spontaneous PC development.

Main Methods:

  • Case report presentation.
  • Review of existing literature on spontaneous pneumocephalus.
  • Analysis of potential causative factors in the presented case.

Main Results:

  • A case of spontaneous pneumocephalus was identified.
  • The proposed etiology involves air forced through a posterior sphenoid sinus wall defect.
  • Nose blowing was the precipitating event.

Conclusions:

  • Spontaneous pneumocephalus can arise from seemingly minor events.
  • A small defect in the sphenoid sinus posterior wall can facilitate intracranial air entry.
  • Nose blowing should be considered a potential trigger for spontaneous PC in susceptible individuals.