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Related Concept Videos

Malaria01:29

Malaria

Malaria pathogenesis in humans reflects a delicate interplay between parasite biology and host response. Clinical illness reflects a host’s immune response to the parasite’s asexual replication cycle, which is often asymptomatic in individuals with partial immunity. From the parasite's perspective, transmission between mosquito and human with minimal host pathology is evolutionarily advantageous. Among the six Plasmodium species infecting humans, P. falciparum and P. vivax dominate in global...
Yellow Fever01:18

Yellow Fever

Yellow fever is a viral hemorrhagic disease caused by the yellow fever virus (YFV), a member of the Flaviviridae family. It is transmitted primarily by Aedes and Haemagogus mosquitoes in tropical and subtropical regions of Africa and South America. After transmission through a mosquito bite, the virus initially replicates in skin-resident immune cells such as dendritic cells and macrophages. These cells then migrate to the lymph nodes, where viral replication increases, eventually leading to...
Relative Risk01:12

Relative Risk

Relative risk (RR) is a statistical measure commonly used in epidemiology to compare the likelihood of a particular event occurring between two groups. This metric is important for evaluating the relationship between exposure to a specific risk factor and the probability of a particular outcome. It plays a crucial role in medical research, public health studies, and risk assessment. Relative risk quantifies how much more (or less) likely an event is to occur in an exposed group compared to an...
Principles of Disease Surveillance01:26

Principles of Disease Surveillance

Disease surveillance is the systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice. This process integrates data dissemination to entities responsible for preventing and controlling disease, injury, and disability. Surveillance systems provide crucial information for action, helping public health authorities make informed decisions to manage and prevent outbreaks, ensure public safety, optimize...
Bias in Epidemiological Studies01:29

Bias in Epidemiological Studies

Biases can arise at various stages of research, from study design and data collection to analysis and interpretation. Recognizing and addressing these biases is essential to ensure the validity and reliability of epidemiological findings.Broadly speaking, biases in epidemiology fall into three main categories: selection bias, information bias, and confounding. A more detailed description of possible biases is:
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease
04:23

A Murine Model of Dengue Virus-induced Acute Viral Encephalitis-like Disease

Published on: April 28, 2019

Dengue mortality: reassessing the risks in transition countries.

Manjari Lahiri1, Dale Fisher, Paul Ananth Tambyah

  • 1Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119074, Singapore.

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
|July 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Dengue fever deaths in Singapore are rising, especially in adults with chronic conditions. Atypical symptoms, comorbidities, and lab abnormalities may predict fatal dengue infections.

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Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination
15:25

Protocol for Dengue Infections in Mosquitoes (A. aegypti) and Infection Phenotype Determination

Published on: July 4, 2007

Area of Science:

  • Tropical Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Dengue fever poses a significant public health challenge in tropical regions.
  • Singapore has observed evolving dengue epidemiology, with increased severity in adults with chronic diseases.
  • The 2005 dengue outbreak in Singapore documented over 14,000 cases and 25 deaths.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review fatal dengue cases in adults at the National University Hospital.
  • To identify clinical and laboratory predictors of mortality in dengue patients.
  • To understand the impact of comorbidities and atypical presentations on dengue outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of nine adult patients who died from dengue-related illness between December 2004 and November 2005.
  • Analysis of patient records for clinical presentation, comorbidities, laboratory results, and causes of death.
  • Comparison of clinical features between fatal and non-fatal dengue cases (implied).

Main Results:

  • The diagnosis of dengue was initially missed in 67% of cases due to atypical presentations.
  • All fatal cases had significant comorbidities, with diabetes mellitus present in 67%.
  • Altered mental state preceded shock in 89% of patients; secondary bacteremia contributed to death in 44%.

Conclusions:

  • Atypical presentations, comorbidities (especially diabetes), secondary bacterial infections, and abnormal serum markers at presentation are potential predictors of mortality in adult dengue cases.
  • Healthcare systems in transition countries must remain vigilant for tropical infections like dengue, even with advanced infrastructure.
  • Early recognition of dengue, particularly in patients with underlying health conditions, is crucial for improving outcomes.