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Related Concept Videos

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS01:11

Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS

Genome-wide association studies or GWAS are used to identify whether common SNPs are associated with certain diseases. Suppose specific SNPs are more frequently observed in individuals with a particular disease than those without the disease. In that case, those SNPs are said to be associated with the disease. Chi-square analysis is performed to check the probability of the allele likely to be associated with the disease.
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction01:23

Rheumatic Heart Disease I: Introduction

Rheumatic heart disease or RHD is a chronic condition that results from rheumatic fever, causing permanent damage to the heart valves.Etiology and Risk FactorsIt primarily arises from rheumatic fever, an inflammatory disease that can develop after untreated or inadequately treated group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. Streptococcus spreads through direct contact with oral or respiratory secretions. While the bacteria are the causative agents, factors like malnutrition, overcrowding, poor...
Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:22

Rheumatic Heart Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

The key clinical manifestations of Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) include several distinct cardiac symptoms.Carditis, a hallmark of acute rheumatic fever, involves inflammation of the heart's endocardium, myocardium, and pericardium. Chronic RHD often results from recurrent episodes of carditis. Its symptoms include the following:Murmurs are caused by valvular damage, especially to the mitral and aortic valves. Mitral stenosis or regurgitation is common, with characteristic heart murmurs...
Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Myasthenia Gravis ll: Pathophysiology

The disease process of myasthenia gravis begins at the neuromuscular junction, where antibodies attack key proteins needed for muscle activation. This immune reaction weakens signal transmission, leading to the characteristic muscle fatigue and weakness that define the condition.Immune-Mediated DamageIn most individuals, antibodies target acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) on the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells. By blocking acetylcholine binding, these antibodies prevent the nerve signal...
Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy01:29

Cardiomyopathy IV: Restrictive Cardiomyopathy

Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a rare heart muscle disease characterized by impaired ventricular filling due to stiffened ventricular walls, leading to significant diastolic dysfunction.EtiologyRestrictive cardiomyopathy can arise from both inherited and acquired diseases, many of which are systemic. It is categorized into four main types: infiltrative, storage, non-infiltrative, and endomyocardial diseases.Infiltrative diseases, such as amyloidosis, lead to RCM by depositing amyloid...
Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune system...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis.

Carlo Salvarani1, Fabrizio Cantini, Gene G Hunder

  • 1Unit of Rheumatology, Arcispedale S Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy. salvarani.carlo@asmn.re.it

Lancet (London, England)
|July 22, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis are related inflammatory conditions. Glucocorticosteroids are the primary treatment, but long-term use causes adverse events, necessitating new therapeutic targets.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis
06:35

An Immunohistopathologic Study to Profile the Folate Receptor Beta Macrophage and Vascular Immune Microenvironment in Giant Cell Arteritis

Published on: February 8, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Immunology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) and giant-cell arteritis (GCA) are inflammatory disorders affecting older adults.
  • These conditions often co-occur and share unknown etiologies, potentially involving genetic and environmental factors.
  • PMR involves synovitis, while GCA affects the aorta and its branches, presenting with diverse neurological and vascular symptoms.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis.
  • To discuss the established treatment and its limitations.
  • To highlight the need for novel therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of polymyalgia rheumatica and giant-cell arteritis.
  • Analysis of clinical manifestations and pathogenesis.
  • Evaluation of current treatment modalities and their adverse effects.

Main Results:

  • Glucocorticosteroids are the mainstay treatment for both PMR and GCA.
  • Long-term glucocorticosteroid therapy is often required, leading to adverse events in over 50% of patients.
  • Steroid-sparing drug trials have shown inconsistent outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • A deeper understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of PMR and GCA is crucial.
  • Identifying new molecular targets is essential for developing more effective and safer therapies.
  • Future research should focus on innovative treatment strategies beyond glucocorticosteroids.