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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis
Published on: March 9, 2018
Interferon-gamma and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor therapy in three patients with pulmonary
A Bandera1, D Trabattoni, G Ferrario
1Division of Infectious Diseases, Dept. of Internal Medicine, San Gerardo Hospital, University of Milan-Bicocca, Via Solferino 16, 20052, Monza (Milan), Italy. a.bandera@hsgerardo.org
Abstract:
An immune response mediated by type 2 cytokines is thought to contribute to the development and unfavorable outcome of aspergillosis. Adjuvant therapy with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) was added to antifungal treatment in three nonneutropenic patients (one HIV-positive and two HIV-negative patients) with culture proven aspergillosis refractory to classical antifungal therapy. Clinical improvement was observed concomitantly with an increase in peripheral blood leukocyte proliferation and type 1 cytokines production. Our findings suggest an association between the improvement in type 1 cytokine production observed during IFN-gamma and GM-CSF administration and a better control of Aspergillus infection in patients with progressive disease despite adequate antifungal therapy.
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