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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Viral Meningitis

Viral Meningitis

Viral meningitis is the most common form of meningitis and is often referred to as aseptic meningitis to indicate the absence of bacterial involvement. It is generally milder than bacterial meningitis, with symptoms including fever, headache, stiff neck, drowsiness, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. Rarely, more severe manifestations or death may occur. Common causative agents include enteroviruses, particularly coxsackie A and B viruses and echoviruses, all members of the Enterovirus genus...

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

Smallpox

Smallpox

Smallpox is a severe contagious disease caused by the Variola major virus, a double-stranded DNA member of the Poxviridae family.Variola major transmission occurs primarily via inhalation of virus-laden droplets or direct contact with infectious scabs. The incubation period averages approximately seven days, although it may range from 7 to 17 days depending on the inoculum and host factors.Clinically, the prodromal phase is marked by an abrupt onset of high fever, malaise, headache, and myalgia.

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis

Poliomyelitis is caused by poliovirus, a small, non-enveloped, positive-sense RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family and Enterovirus genus. Transmission occurs primarily via the fecal-oral route, often through ingestion of contaminated water or food. The virus initially replicates in the oropharynx and intestinal mucosa, particularly in lymphoid tissues such as the tonsils, Peyer’s patches, and regional lymph nodes. Primary viremia follows, allowing dissemination throughout the body.In most...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

Published on: July 9, 2014

Is viral status needed before vaccination?

Thomas C Wright¹, F Xavier Bosch

¹Department of Pathology, Columbia University, Room 16-404, P&S Building, 630 West 168th Street, New York, NY, United States. tcwl@columbia.edu

|July 22, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Pre-vaccination Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing is not advised. Screening is inefficient, finding few positive cases, and can lower vaccination coverage, which is crucial for program success.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Development of an IFN-γ ELISpot Assay to Assess Varicella-Zoster Virus-specific Cell-mediated Immunity Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Public Health
Virology

Background:

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a significant cause of cervical cancer.
HPV vaccination is a key strategy for cervical cancer prevention.
Current vaccination programs aim for high coverage rates.

Purpose of the Study:

To evaluate the recommendation and efficacy of pre-vaccination Human Papillomavirus (HPV) testing.
To assess the impact of pre-vaccination testing on HPV vaccination program coverage.
To determine the frequency of HPV DNA positivity in the target vaccination population.

Main Methods:

Analysis of existing data on HPV prevalence and vaccine type exposure.
Modeling the impact of pre-vaccination testing on vaccination program logistics and cost.
Review of established cervical cancer screening protocols.

Main Results:

Pre-vaccination HPV DNA testing is inefficient, requiring screening of approximately one thousand women to identify a single case positive for HPV types 16 and 18.
Implementing pre-vaccination testing introduces logistical barriers and increases costs.
These barriers are likely to reduce overall HPV vaccination coverage.

Conclusions:

Routine pre-vaccination HPV testing is not recommended due to low yield and potential to decrease vaccination program success.
HPV testing should only be considered if it aligns with existing cervical cancer screening routines.
Prioritizing high vaccination coverage is essential for effective HPV prevention.