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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
GTPases and their Regulation02:14

GTPases and their Regulation

Guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G-proteins), also known as GTPases, are a superfamily of proteins that regulate many cellular processes, such as cell signaling, vesicular transport, and the regulation of cell shape and motility. Mutation or dysfunction of these proteins can lead to disease. There are around 40,000 known G-proteins that can broadly be classified into two groups ‒  small G-proteins consisting of a single domain and large multi-domain G-proteins.
Large G-proteins, also known...
Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins01:22

Activation and Inactivation of G Proteins

Heterotrimeric G proteins are guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. As the name suggests, heterotrimeric G proteins are composed of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. They remain GDP-bound or GTP-bound inside the cells and switch between inactive/active states. The Gα subunit possesses the nucleotide-binding pocket that binds guanine nucleotides and switches between GDP or GTP-bound states. In contrast, the Gꞵ and Gγ subunits are always bound together with high affinity and are together...
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Transcriptional Analysis by Nascent RNA FISH of In Vivo Trophoblast Giant Cells or In Vitro Short-term Cultures of Ectoplacental Cone Explants
08:26

Transcriptional Analysis by Nascent RNA FISH of In Vivo Trophoblast Giant Cells or In Vitro Short-term Cultures of Ectoplacental Cone Explants

Published on: August 31, 2016

Total synthesis of GEX1A.

Timothy J Murray1, Craig J Forsyth

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1185, USA.

Organic Letters
|July 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new synthesis for GEX1A (also known as herboxidiene or TAN-1609) was created. This modular approach efficiently builds the molecule

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Area of Science:

  • Organic synthesis
  • Medicinal chemistry
  • Natural product synthesis

Background:

  • GEX1A (herboxidiene/TAN-1609) is a biologically significant natural product.
  • Efficient synthetic routes are crucial for studying and utilizing such compounds.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an efficient and modifiable synthetic strategy for GEX1A.
  • To establish a modular synthesis applicable to analogs and derivatives.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized Suzuki coupling for conjugated diene installation.
  • Employed Ru-catalyzed lactonization and Roush crotylation for tetrahydropyran core construction.
  • Incorporated Myers' alkylation, cross-metathesis, and Keck crotylation for side-chain assembly.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed a modular and efficient synthesis of GEX1A.
  • The synthetic route allows for ready modification, facilitating analog preparation.
  • Key structural motifs, including the tetrahydropyran and conjugated diene, were effectively constructed.

Conclusions:

  • The presented synthesis provides a versatile platform for accessing GEX1A and related compounds.
  • This methodology streamlines the production of complex natural products.
  • The modularity enables future exploration of structure-activity relationships.