Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers01:08

Molecular Weight of Step-Growth Polymers

Step growth polymerization involves bi or multifunctional monomers. Bifunctional monomers react to form linear step growth polymers, whereas multifunctional monomers react to form non-linear or branched polymers.
As the step-growth polymerization involves step-wise condensation of monomers, the molecular weight also builds up eventually. Consequently, high molecular weight polymers are obtained at the late stages of the polymerization, where 99% of monomers have been consumed.
The extent of the...
Polymers02:34

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the properties that they exhibit. Additionally,...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:10

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Chain-growth or addition polymerization is successive addition reactions of monomers with a polymer chain. In radical chain-growth polymerization, the reaction proceeds via a free-radical intermediate. The free radical is formed from radical initiators, which spontaneously generate free radicals by homolytic fission. Organic peroxides (such as dibenzoyl peroxide, as shown in Figure 1) or azo compounds are popular radical initiators. A low concentration ratio of radical initiator to monomer is...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Behavioral science of voting in hypothetical utopia and dystopia scenarios: a predictive modeling approach.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same author

The Water Droplet Contact Line Probed with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes at the Air-Water Interface.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2025
Same author

Trust and Acceptance Challenges in the Adoption of AI Applications in Health Care: Quantitative Survey Analysis.

Journal of medical Internet research·2025
Same author

Editorial: Towards Emotion AI to next generation healthcare and education.

Frontiers in psychology·2025
Same author

Understanding the impact of sisu on workforce and well-being: A machine learning-based analysis.

Heliyon·2024
Same author

Unraveling dyadic psycho-physiology of social presence between strangers during an audio drama - a signal-analysis approach.

Frontiers in psychology·2023
Same journal

Tension on dsDNA bound to ssDNA-RecA filaments may play an important role in driving efficient and accurate homology recognition and strand exchange.

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Amplitude-phase coupling drives chimera states in globally coupled laser networks [Phys. Rev. E 91, 040901(R) (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Erratum: Shapes of sedimenting soft elastic capsules in a viscous fluid [Phys. Rev. E 92, 033003 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Erratum: Attenuation of excitation decay rate due to collective effect [Phys. Rev. E 90, 022142 (2014)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Role of connectivity and fluctuations in the nucleation of calcium waves in cardiac cells [Phys. Rev. E 92, 052715 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
Same journal

Publisher's Note: Lattice Boltzmann approach for complex nonequilibrium flows [Phys. Rev. E 92, 043308 (2015)].

Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics·2016
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Polymer dynamics in time-dependent periodic potentials.

Janne Kauttonen1, Juha Merikoski, Otto Pulkkinen

  • 1Department of Physics, University of Jyväskylä, PO Box 35, Jyväskylä, Finland. janne.kauttonen@phys.jyu.fi

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|July 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We studied discrete polymer dynamics in changing potentials. Longer polymers showed increased transport coherence, with current inversions unique to structured molecules due to the rebound effect.

More Related Videos

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Real-Time Imaging of Bonding in 3D-Printed Layers
04:36

Real-Time Imaging of Bonding in 3D-Printed Layers

Published on: September 1, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids
11:03

An Analog Macroscopic Technique for Studying Molecular Hydrodynamic Processes in Dense Gases and Liquids

Published on: December 4, 2017

Real-Time Imaging of Bonding in 3D-Printed Layers
04:36

Real-Time Imaging of Bonding in 3D-Printed Layers

Published on: September 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Polymer physics
  • Soft matter science

Background:

  • Understanding the behavior of polymers in dynamic environments is crucial for designing advanced materials.
  • Discrete polymer models provide simplified yet powerful frameworks for studying complex molecular dynamics.
  • Time-dependent potentials introduce rich phenomena not observed in static systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of discrete polymers in time-dependent external potentials.
  • To analyze the influence of stochastic and deterministic potential switching on polymer properties.
  • To compute stationary-state properties, including mean drift and effective diffusion, for specific polymer models.

Main Methods:

  • Master equation approach to model polymer dynamics.
  • Analysis of stochastic and deterministic potential state switching.
  • Calculation of mean drift and effective diffusion coefficients.
  • Investigation of Rubinstein-Duke polymers in flashing and traveling potentials.

Main Results:

  • Observed rich nonlinear behavior in polymer transport properties.
  • Identified current inversions in longer polymers caused by the rebound effect, unique to structured molecules.
  • Demonstrated strong dependence of transport phenomena on polymer type and length.
  • Found increased transport coherence with increasing polymer length.

Conclusions:

  • Discrete polymers exhibit complex dynamics in time-dependent potentials.
  • The rebound effect offers a mechanism for current inversion in structured polymers.
  • Polymer length and type are critical factors influencing transport characteristics.
  • Enhanced transport coherence is achievable in longer discrete polymer systems.