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Related Concept Videos

Potential Due to a Polarized Object01:29

Potential Due to a Polarized Object

A neutral atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a negatively charged electron cloud. When placed in an external electric field, the external electric force pulls the electrons and nucleus apart, opposite to the intrinsic attraction between the nucleus and the electrons. The opposing forces balance each other with a slight shift between the center of masses of the nucleus and the electron cloud, resulting in a polarized atom. On the other hand, a few molecules, like water,...
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In mechanical engineering, the stability of systems under various forces is critical for designing durable and efficient structures. One fundamental way to explore these concepts is by analyzing systems like two rods connected at a pivot point, O, with a torsional spring of spring constant k at the pivot point. This system is similar in appearance to a scissor jack used to change tires on a car. In this case, the arms of the linkage (equivalent to the rods in this system) are entirely vertical,...
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The molecular orbital theory describes the distribution of electrons in molecules in a manner similar to the distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals. The region of space in which a valence electron in a molecule is likely to be found is called a molecular orbital. Mathematically, the linear combination of atomic orbitals (LCAO) generates molecular orbitals. Combinations of in-phase atomic orbital wave functions result in regions with a high probability of electron density, while...
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Atoms and molecules interact through bonds (or forces): intramolecular and intermolecular. The forces are electrostatic as they arise from interactions (attractive or repulsive) between charged species (permanent, partial, or temporary charges) and exist with varying strengths between ions, polar, nonpolar, and neutral molecules. The different types of intermolecular forces are ion–dipole, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion; among these, dipole–dipole, hydrogen bonds, and dispersion...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability
06:42

Magnetically Induced Rotating Rayleigh-Taylor Instability

Published on: March 3, 2017

Bundle dynamics of interacting polar rods.

Sumanth Swaminathan1, Dmitry Karpeev, Igor S Aranson

  • 1Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60202, USA.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics
|July 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Microtubule bundles spontaneously order from disordered states. These bundles attract and coalesce over time, concentrating into fewer orientations.

Area of Science:

  • Biophysics
  • Cell Biology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Microtubules are essential cytoskeletal components involved in cell structure and division.
  • Understanding microtubule organization, particularly bundle formation, is crucial for cell mechanics.
  • Molecular motors play a key role in dynamic microtubule interactions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To model and analyze the self-organization and dynamic interactions of microtubule bundles.
  • To investigate the role of molecular motors in microtubule bundle formation and stability.
  • To understand the emergent properties of interacting polar rod systems.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a probabilistic model of microtubule interaction mediated by molecular motors.
  • Employed analytical techniques to study bundle existence and dynamics.

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  • Utilized numerical simulations to explore system behavior.

    • Main Results:

    • Identified an orientational instability in initially disordered systems, leading to spontaneous ordering.
    • Observed long-term attraction and coalescing of microtubule bundles.
    • Demonstrated system coarsening with bundles concentrating into fewer orientations over logarithmic time.

    Conclusions:

    • Probabilistic modeling effectively captures microtubule bundle self-organization.
    • Molecular motor interactions drive the formation and ordering of microtubule bundles.
    • The system exhibits coarsening dynamics, leading to simplified organizational states over time.