Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Redox Reactions01:27

Redox Reactions

Redox reactions are vital biochemical processes that underpin energy metabolism in cells. These reactions involve the transfer of electrons between molecules, occurring in tandem as oxidation and reduction. Oxidation refers to the loss of electrons, while reduction denotes their gain. This coupling ensures the seamless flow of electrons through metabolic pathways. For example, in bacterial metabolism, glucose undergoes oxidation to carbon dioxide, while oxygen is simultaneously reduced to...
Redox Reactions01:24

Redox Reactions

Oxidation-reduction or redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule or atom to another. When an atom gains an electron, another atom must lose an electron, meaning oxidation and reduction must occur together. Since the redox occurs in pairs, the atom that gets oxidized is also called the reducing agent or reductant, and the atom that is reduced is also called the oxidizing agent or oxidant. A straightforward way to remember the definitions of oxidation and reduction is...
The Endoplasmic Reticulum01:43

The Endoplasmic Reticulum

The endoplasmic reticulum or ER makes up for more than half of the membranes in a cell and accounts for 10% of total cell volume. It is also the primary protein and lipid synthesis factory for most cell organelles, such as the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, secretory vesicles, and the plasma membrane. Despite being the most extensive and functionally complex subcellular organelle, ER was the last to be discovered. After years of deliberation, Keith Porter and George Palade in the year 1954,...
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum01:21

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum or smooth ER is a sub-organelle with specialized functions in animal cells and plant cells. It is often associated with the tubule morphology of the endoplasmic reticulum.
The ER provides optimal conditions for synthesizing steroid hormones and lipids, such as phospholipids and triglycerides. Traditionally, lipid metabolism was considered to be a smooth ER function. However, there is no direct evidence to prove that rough ER is completely excluded from lipid...
Protein Modifications in the RER01:26

Protein Modifications in the RER

Modification of secretory and transmembrane proteins entering the rough ER begins in the ER lumen. These modifications aid in protein folding and stabilize the acquired tertiary structure. Protein modifications in the rough ER co-occur at different stages of protein folding.
Broadly, these modifications can be categorized into four main categories — glycosylation, formation of disulfide bonds, assembly of protein subunits, and specific proteolytic cleavages like removal of signal sequences.
Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Stearoyl-CoA desaturase 5 (SCD5) in lipid remodeling: From molecular control to pathophysiology.

Journal of lipid research·2026
Same author

[Board review of forensic and medical ethics proceedings initiated against doctors in Hungary (2024-2025)].

Orvosi hetilap·2026
Same author

Fine-Tuning of the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response Mechanism Plays a Key Role in Cellular Survival-A Mathematical Study.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025
Same author

[The tasks of the Hungarian Medical Research Council, its function in the development of the Hungarian research ethics public administration].

Orvosi hetilap·2025
Same author

Dynamically chiral phosphonic acid-type metallo-β-lactamase inhibitors.

Communications chemistry·2025
Same author

Development of Novel Imipridones with Alkyne- and Triazole-Linked Warheads on the Tricyclic Skeleton, Showing Superior Ability to Eradicate PANC-1 and Fadu Cells Compared to ONC201.

International journal of molecular sciences·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator
07:47

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Published on: October 20, 2021

Redox-based endoplasmic reticulum dysfunction in neurological diseases.

Gábor Bánhegyi1, József Mandl, Miklós Csala

  • 1Department of Medical Chemistry, Molecular Biology and Pathobiochemistry, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.

Journal of Neurochemistry
|July 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Endoplasmic reticulum redox balance is crucial for cell function. Disruptions in this balance contribute to neurological diseases like brain ischemia and neurodegeneration.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator
07:47

Live Imaging of the Mitochondrial Glutathione Redox State in Primary Neurons using a Ratiometric Indicator

Published on: October 20, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen possesses a unique redox environment, distinct from other cellular compartments.
  • This environment is maintained by specific membrane transport and oxidoreductase enzymes, essential for protein folding and cellular function.
  • The ER's oxidative machinery supports protein folding but also necessitates robust antioxidant defenses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the role of ER redox homeostasis in cellular function and disease.
  • To investigate how alterations in ER redox state impact protein processing and stress responses.
  • To explore the connection between ER redox dysregulation and neurological disorders.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of redox homeostasis mechanisms within the ER lumen.
  • Investigation of the effects of altered redox environments on protein processing.
  • Examination of the link between ER stress, unfolded protein response, and apoptosis.
  • Review of recent findings on ER redox involvement in neurological conditions.

Main Results:

  • The ER lumen maintains a distinct redox state crucial for its functions.
  • Oxidative protein folding in the ER challenges antioxidant defenses.
  • Changes in ER redox balance can trigger endoplasmic reticulum stress and the unfolded protein response.
  • Failed attempts to restore ER redox balance can lead to apoptosis.

Conclusions:

  • ER redox homeostasis is vital for normal cellular function.
  • Dysregulation of ER redox balance is implicated in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases, including brain ischemia, neuronal degeneration, and traumatic brain injury.
  • ER redox changes are key components in the development or exacerbation of neurological disease mechanisms.