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Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
Antigen Presenting Cells01:22

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation
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Human myoblasts modulate the function of antigen-presenting cells.

Nicholas Schwab1, Anne Waschbisch, Barbara Wrobel

  • 1Department of Neurology, University of Wuerzburg, Germany.

Journal of Neuroimmunology
|July 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Muscle cells (myoblasts) may influence immune cells in myositis patients. This interaction could potentially reduce immune-driven muscle damage by modulating dendritic cells and macrophages.

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Muscle Physiology

Background:

  • Myositis involves immune-mediated muscle damage.
  • Dendritic cells (DC) and macrophages (MPh) are key immune cells implicated in inflammatory conditions.
  • The role of muscle cells (myoblasts, MB) in modulating these immune cells during myositis is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the interaction between myoblasts and immune cells (DC and MPh) in myositis.
  • To determine how myoblasts affect the phenotype and function of dendritic cells.
  • To assess the impact of myoblasts on macrophage phagocytic activity.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry on myositis muscle biopsy specimens to identify DC and MPh.
  • Co-culture systems of DC and MB to study their interaction.
  • Flow cytometry to analyze DC phenotype and function.
  • T-cell proliferation assays to assess DC immunomodulatory capacity.
  • Bead-incorporation assays to measure MPh phagocytosis stimulated by MB-lysates.

Main Results:

  • Myositis specimens showed a trend towards more immature dendritic cells.
  • Myoblasts modulated the maturation state of dendritic cells.
  • Dendritic cells co-cultured with myoblasts exhibited an inhibitory effect on T-cell proliferation.
  • Myoblast lysates significantly enhanced the phagocytic capacity of macrophages.

Conclusions:

  • Muscle cells may play a regulatory role in myositis by modulating antigen-presenting cells (APC) like dendritic cells and macrophages.
  • This modulation could potentially counterbalance immune-mediated muscle damage in myositis.
  • Further research into myoblast-immune cell interactions may reveal novel therapeutic strategies for myositis.