Abdominal compartment syndrome: an under-diagnosed contributory factor to morbidity and mortality in the critically...

Area of Science:

• Critical Care Medicine
• Surgical Physiology
• Abdominal Medicine

Background:

• The abdomen functions as a closed cavity, meaning increased contents directly elevate intra-abdominal pressure (IAP).
• Normal IAP is below 7 mm Hg.
• Sustained IAP exceeding 12 mm Hg is linked to significant organ system dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

• To highlight the physiological consequences of elevated intra-abdominal pressure.
• To define abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS).
• To emphasize the critical importance of recognizing and managing increased IAP and ACS.

Main Methods:

• Review of physiological principles governing intra-abdominal pressure.
• Discussion of clinical conditions associated with elevated IAP in intensive care settings.
• Definition and clinical implications of abdominal compartment syndrome.

Main Results:

• Intra-abdominal pressure persistently above 12 mm Hg compromises renal, intestinal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and central nervous system function.
• Intra-abdominal pressure continually above 20 mm Hg can precipitate organ system failure, defining abdominal compartment syndrome.
• Failure to diagnose and manage ACS results in substantial morbidity and mortality.

Conclusions:

• Increased intra-abdominal pressure is a significant physiological challenge in critical care.
• Abdominal compartment syndrome is a life-threatening condition requiring prompt recognition and intervention.
• Effective management of elevated IAP is crucial for improving patient outcomes in intensive care units.