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Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Urologic Endoscopic Procedure: Cystoscopic Examination

Meaning of Cystoscopic Examination:Cystoscopy is an essential diagnostic tool in urology that is used to assess the structure and function of the genitourinary system. It provides a direct view of the urethra, bladder, and, in some cases, the ureteral openings. This procedure helps detect structural abnormalities, infections, cancers, and blockages in the urinary tract. There are two types of cystoscopy:Flexible cystoscopy is commonly performed in outpatient settings due to its less invasive...

Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Ureters

Ureters

The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Disorders of the Urinary System

Disorders of the Urinary System

The urinary system is responsible for eliminating waste and excess fluids from the body. However, disorders of the urinary system can arise due to various reasons like infections, stress, age, congenital abnormalities, and lifestyle.
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common urinary system disorders. They are caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and can spread to the bladder resulting in cystitis. Pyelonephritis is the result of a UTI that has ascended to the level of the...

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Bladder Neck Surgery is not Routinely Needed to Achieve Urinary Continence in Patients with Primary Epispadias.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

An unusual bladder/cloacal exstrophy with urachal exstrophy.

George Sakellaris¹, Raimondo M Cervellione, Alan P Dickson

¹Department of Paediatric Urology, Central Manchester and Manchester Children's University Hospitals NHS Trust, Manchester, UK.

Urologia Internationalis

|July 23, 2008

Summary

This study details a rare combination of birth defects, including bladder exstrophy, cleft lip, and exomphalos. The findings challenge current theories on bladder exstrophy embryogenesis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Assessing Urinary Tract Junction Obstruction Defects by Methylene Blue Dye Injection

Published on: October 12, 2017

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Pediatric surgery
Medical genetics

Background:

Bladder exstrophy is a complex congenital anomaly with unclear embryological origins.
Existing theories struggle to account for the full spectrum of associated malformations.

Observation:

A case report describes a neonate with bladder exstrophy, cleft lip, exomphalos, Meckel's diverticulum, imperforate anus, and a significant urachal mass.
The urachal mass protruded below the umbilicus, adding a unique feature to the presentation.

Findings:

This specific constellation of anomalies represents a previously undocumented association.
The observed abnormalities extend beyond typical bladder exstrophy presentations, suggesting a broader developmental field defect.

Implications:

The findings necessitate a re-evaluation of current embryological models for bladder exstrophy and related conditions.
This case highlights the importance of recognizing syndromic patterns in complex congenital anomalies for improved diagnosis and management.