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Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute pancreatitis is the sudden inflammation of the pancreas caused by the early activation of digestive enzymes, leading to the autodigestion of pancreatic tissue. This results in local inflammation and, in severe cases, systemic complications.EtiologyUnderstanding the underlying causes is crucial, as identifying the etiology guides treatment and anticipates complications. Acute pancreatitis can be triggered by various factors, typically grouped into the following clinical categories.Biliary...

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Acute Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. It can be either acute or chronic.
Acute pancreatitis is characterized by rapid inflammation of the pancreas, often caused by factors like gallstone blockage or excessive alcohol consumption. Chronic pancreatitis, on the other hand, is a slow, progressive inflammation that may result from long-term alcohol abuse, obstructions in the pancreatic duct, or genetic factors.
The causes of acute pancreatitis include:

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Acute Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

The pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis centers on injury to pancreatic acinar cells, which initiates a cascade of harmful intracellular events.This injury leads to premature activation of trypsinogen to trypsin in the pancreas. Trypsin then activates other digestive enzymes, such as chymotrypsin, elastase, and phospholipase A2, which begin breaking down pancreatic tissue. The resulting autodigestion causes local inflammation, tissue swelling, hemorrhage, and fat necrosis.Injured acinar cells...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic pancreatitis is a long-standing, relapsing inflammation of the pancreas, characterized by irreversible damage to the gland. It results in progressive destruction of the pancreatic parenchyma, fibrosis, and eventual loss of both exocrine and endocrine function. The disease may evolve gradually after multiple episodes of acute pancreatitis or develop independently.EtiologyChronic pancreatitis can arise from a variety of causes:Alcohol use is the leading cause, accounting for 70–80% of...

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

Chronic Pancreatitis I: Introduction

The pancreas, an elongated and flat gland situated behind the stomach, serves a vital function in digesting food and managing blood sugar levels.
Pancreatitis is the inflammation of the pancreas, which occurs when the immune system becomes active and causes swelling, pain, and disruptions in organ function. Pancreatitis can manifest as either an acute or chronic condition.
Acute pancreatitis arises suddenly and lasts for a brief duration, while chronic pancreatitis is a long-term affliction...

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Pancreatitis II: Pathophysiology

Chronic pancreatitis is a progressive and irreversible inflammation of the pancreas, most often caused by long-term alcohol abuse, but it can also be related to ductal obstruction, smoking, or genetic factors.Chronic pancreatitis occurs when the pancreas is repeatedly exposed to harmful agents like alcohol, smoking, ductal obstruction, or genetic predisposition. These factors lead to the release of toxic metabolites and inflammatory cytokines, sustaining chronic inflammation in the pancreatic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Sodium Taurocholate Induced Severe Acute Pancreatitis in C57BL/6 Mice

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Published on: June 28, 2021

Isotretinoin-associated pan-enteritis.

Cristiano Spada¹, Maria Elena Riccioni, Michele Marchese

¹Digestive Endoscopy Unit, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology

|July 23, 2008

Summary

Isotretinoin, a medication for acne, may cause severe gastrointestinal inflammation and bleeding. Discontinuation of Isotretinoin led to symptom resolution in a young man with melena and intestinal ulcerations.

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Published on: December 15, 2011

Area of Science:

Gastroenterology
Dermatology
Internal Medicine

Background:

Isotretinoin (13-cis-retinoic acid) is a common treatment for severe nodular acne.
Gastrointestinal side effects of Isotretinoin are rare but can be severe.
Melena is a critical symptom indicating upper gastrointestinal bleeding.

Observation:

A 22-year-old male presented with a 10-day history of melena.
The patient was undergoing treatment with Isotretinoin for nodular acne.
Endoscopic examinations revealed gastric and colonic mucosal edema, hyperemia, and erosions.

Findings:

Video capsule endoscopy demonstrated diffuse intestinal inflammation with multiple jejunal ulcerations and aphthae.
These findings suggest Isotretinoin-induced enteritis.
The patient's symptoms resolved completely after discontinuing Isotretinoin.

Implications:

This case highlights a potential severe gastrointestinal adverse effect of Isotretinoin therapy.
Clinicians should consider Isotretinoin-induced enteritis in patients presenting with gastrointestinal bleeding.
Early recognition and discontinuation of the drug are crucial for patient recovery.