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Related Concept Videos

MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA ends...
MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes01:25

Immune Surveillance by NK Cells and Phagocytes

Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
Natural Killer Cells: The Fast Responders
NK cells are large granular lymphocytes found in the blood and lymphatic system. These...
Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells01:01

Regulation of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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MicroRNAs: new regulators of immune cell development and function.

David Baltimore1, Mark P Boldin, Ryan M O'Connell

  • 1Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA. baltimo@caltech.edu

Nature Immunology
|July 23, 2008
PubMed
Summary

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are newly recognized regulators of immune cell development and function. This research highlights their crucial role in immune responses, hematopoiesis, and disease.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function
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Published on: November 4, 2016

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Immune cell development and function research has historically overlooked microRNAs (miRNAs).
  • The discovery of miRNAs regulating development in model organisms hinted at their potential role in the immune system.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent findings on the role of miRNAs in the mammalian immune system.
  • To elucidate how miRNAs impact immune cell differentiation, immune responses, and immunological diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on microRNA research in immunology.
  • Analysis of studies demonstrating miRNA regulation of gene expression in hematopoietic cells.

Main Results:

  • MicroRNAs significantly influence mammalian immune cell differentiation.
  • miRNAs affect the outcome of immune responses to infections.
  • MicroRNAs are implicated in the development of immunological diseases.
  • Specific miRNAs repress key proteins involved in hematopoiesis.

Conclusions:

  • MicroRNAs are critical regulators of immune cell development and function.
  • Further investigation into this field promises to answer long-standing questions in hematopoiesis and immunity.
  • The study underscores the importance of miRNAs in understanding immune system processes.