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The complement system in HIV disease.

G Füst1, E Ujhelyi, T Hidvégi

  • 1National Institute of Haematology and Blood Transfusion, Budapest, Hungary.

Immunological Investigations
|April 1, 1991
PubMed
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Both classical and alternative complement pathways are activated during HIV infection, evidenced by increased protein complexes and C3d-carrying lymphocytes. However, complement component levels like C3, C4, and Bf did not differ significantly across HIV disease stages.

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Virology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) interacts dynamically with the host immune system.
  • The complement system, a crucial part of innate immunity, plays a complex role in viral infections.
  • Understanding complement activation in HIV disease is vital for potential therapeutic strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between HIV infection and the complement system.
  • To assess complement component levels and activation markers in different HIV disease stages.
  • To determine if HIV-specific immune complexes activate complement pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Plasma levels of complement components C3, C4, and Bf were measured.
  • Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were used to detect complement activation complexes (classical and alternative pathways).

Related Experiment Videos

  • In vitro complement activation by artificial HIV immune complexes was assessed, and C3d-bearing lymphocytes were quantified.

    • Main Results:

    • No significant differences in C3, C4, and Bf levels were observed between HIV-seronegative, asymptomatic, and symptomatic HIV-seropositive individuals.
    • Elevated levels of classical (C1r-C1s-C1-INH) and alternative (C3b-Bb-P) pathway activation complexes were found in HIV-infected patients, indicating complement activation.
    • Artificial HIV immune complexes showed weak activation of both complement pathways, and an increased percentage of lymphocytes bearing the C3d complement fragment was detected in HIV-positive patients.

    Conclusions:

    • Both classical and alternative complement pathways are activated during HIV infection, irrespective of disease progression.
    • Complement activation fragments, such as C3d, are present on lymphocytes in HIV-seropositive individuals.
    • While HIV immune complexes can activate complement, their role in disease pathogenesis requires further investigation.