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Related Concept Videos

Cirrhosis I: Introduction01:23

Cirrhosis I: Introduction

Cirrhosis is a chronic, irreversible liver disease characterized by the widespread replacement of healthy liver tissue with fibrotic scar tissue and the formation of regenerative nodules.Etiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis results from sustained liver injury that triggers progressive fibrosis and structural remodeling. The underlying causes are diverse, encompassing common and less frequent clinical conditions. Regardless of the origin, all causes lead to chronic inflammation, hepatocyte loss, and...
Immunodeficiency Diseases01:25

Immunodeficiency Diseases

Immunodeficiency disorders are conditions in which the immune system's ability to fight infectious disease and cancer is compromised or entirely absent. The immune system comprises a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to protect the body from potentially harmful invaders. When this system is deficient or not functioning properly, it leaves the body susceptible to infections, diseases, or other complications.
There are three main causes of immunodeficiency disorders...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder01:26

Diseases of the Liver and Gallbladder

Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
Cirrhosis is characterized by the scarring of hepatic lobules in the liver, which are replaced by fibrous tissue, affecting the liver's normal functioning. NAFLD, on the other hand, is caused by an excessive build-up of fat in the liver, not related to...
Jaundice01:25

Jaundice

Jaundice, or icterus, is the yellow discoloration of the skin, sclerae, and mucous membranes. It happens when plasma bilirubin levels rise above 2.5-3 mg/dL, leading to bilirubin deposition in tissue.Bilirubin is a byproduct of hemoglobin degradation. In macrophages, hemoglobin breaks down into globin and heme. Globin is converted into amino acids, while heme is turned into biliverdin by heme oxygenase, which is then reduced to unconjugated bilirubin by biliverdin reductase.Unconjugated...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
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Abnormal liver function in common variable immunodeficiency disorders due to nodular regenerative hyperplasia.

C Ward1, M Lucas, J Piris

  • 1Department of Clinical Immunology, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Caroline.Ward@bristol.ac.uk

Clinical and Experimental Immunology
|July 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) patients frequently develop liver issues, most often elevated alkaline phosphatase. Nodular regenerative hyperplasia is a common CVID liver complication, rarely leading to severe outcomes.

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Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
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Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms
11:36

Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

Published on: May 29, 2020

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis
10:12

Establishment of the Dual Humanized TK-NOG Mouse Model for HIV-associated Liver Pathogenesis

Published on: September 11, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Hepatology
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Patients with common variable immunodeficiency disorders (CVID) require monitoring for liver function abnormalities.
  • A significant proportion of CVID patients exhibit deranged liver function and hepatomegaly, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the prevalence and types of liver disease in CVID patients.
  • To identify risk factors and determine outcomes associated with liver dysfunction in CVID.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective search of a primary immunodeficiency database for CVID patients with abnormal liver function or liver biopsy.
  • Analysis of liver dysfunction patterns and review of liver biopsy findings.

Main Results:

  • 47 of 108 CVID patients (43.5%) had abnormal liver function tests, predominantly elevated alkaline phosphatase.
  • Nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH) was diagnosed in 13 of 16 patients with unexplained liver pathology.
  • NRH patients were more likely to have CVID-related complications, including lymphocytic enteropathy, but rarely developed portal hypertension.

Conclusions:

  • Nodular regenerative hyperplasia is a frequent hepatic complication in CVID patients.
  • While NRH is common, severe liver complications like portal hypertension are rare in this cohort.
  • Most CVID patients with liver dysfunction, including NRH, have a favorable prognosis regarding liver-related mortality.