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Related Concept Videos

Blind Procedures02:07

Blind Procedures

Ideally, the people who observe and record the children’s behavior are unaware of who was assigned to the experimental or control group, in order to control for experimenter bias. Experimenter bias refers to the possibility that a researcher’s expectations might skew the results of the study. Remember, conducting an experiment requires a lot of planning, and the people involved in the research project have a vested interest in supporting their hypotheses. If the observers knew which child was...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion01:26

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Excretion

In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients01:15

Bioavailability Study Design: Healthy Subjects Versus Patients

Bioavailability studies are essential for evaluating a drug's therapeutic efficacy and understanding its absorption patterns under various physiological conditions. Conducting such studies on target patient populations provides more relevant data by simulating real-world disease states. However, practical challenges often necessitate the use of young, healthy adult volunteers as study subjects.Patients may exhibit altered drug absorption patterns due to the effects of the disease itself,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)
04:11

A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)

Published on: June 9, 2026

Pediatric oncology sedation trial (POST): A double-blind randomized study.

Kim Nagel1, Andrew R Willan, Janie Lappan

  • 1McMaster Children's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario.

Pediatric Blood & Cancer
|July 24, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Adding fentanyl and ondansetron to standard sedation significantly reduced pain and vomiting in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing procedures. This combination improves patient comfort during painful cancer treatments.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)
04:11

A Video Protocol of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial - Electrochemotherapy of Cutaneous Metastases with Reduced Dose Bleomycin (BLESS Trial)

Published on: June 9, 2026

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Oncology
  • Clinical Pharmacology
  • Pain Management

Background:

  • Limited evidence exists for anti-emetics during intra-thecal chemotherapy.
  • Analgesic strategies for pediatric cancer patients undergoing painful procedures require clarification.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of adding ondansetron and fentanyl to standard sedation for pediatric procedures.
  • To assess the impact on pain, nausea, and vomiting in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Main Methods:

  • Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, factorial trial.
  • Involved children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing bone marrow aspirations and lumbar punctures.
  • Compared standard midazolam and propofol with and without ondansetron and fentanyl.

Main Results:

  • Ondansetron significantly reduced vomiting/retching and activity disruption.
  • Fentanyl significantly lowered pain scores.
  • Benefits observed within 12 hours post-procedure.

Conclusions:

  • Adding fentanyl (analgesic) and ondansetron (anti-emetic) to midazolam (sedative) and propofol (anesthetic) provides measurable benefits.
  • This combination improves outcomes for children undergoing painful procedures associated with nausea and vomiting risk.