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Related Concept Videos

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic01:25

Cholinergic Receptors: Muscarinic

The pharmacological actions of acetylcholine are elicited via its binding to two families of cholinergic receptors or cholinoceptors, namely, muscarinic and nicotinic receptors. Muscarinic receptors are G protein-coupled receptors and have five subtypes, M1–M5. All mAChR subtypes are activated by acetylcholine and blocked by the antagonist, atropine. 
The subtypes M1, M3, and M5 couple with the Gq subunit and activate the phospholipase C (PLC) activity, mobilizing intracellular Ca2+. Activation...
Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions01:28

Cholinergic Antagonists: Pharmacological Actions

Antimuscarinic drugs block muscarinic receptors in multiple systems, including the gut, eye, smooth muscles, respiratory tract, cardiovascular, and central nervous systems. They produce similar effects with varying selectivity depending on the specific agent and tissue. Here are the key pharmacological actions of antimuscarinics:
Gastrointestinal Effects: Antimuscarinics reduce gut contractions, increase gastric emptying, and slow intestinal transit. They partly inhibit gastric acid secretion...
Antiasthma Drugs: Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists01:20

Antiasthma Drugs: Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists

Muscarinic receptor antagonists, also known as antimuscarinic agents, are a class of bronchodilators used to treat asthma, although they are more commonly used to treat COPD. They work by inhibiting the action of acetylcholine (ACh), a neurotransmitter, on muscarinic receptors found in the airways.
Antimuscarinic agents compete with ACh for the same binding site on the muscarinic receptors. By binding to these receptors, they inhibit the downstream effects of ACh and block the parasympathetic...
Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship01:22

Direct-Acting Cholinergic Agonists: Chemistry and Structure-Activity Relationship

Cholinergic agonists or cholinomimetics mimic the action of acetylcholine to stimulate the parasympathetic nervous system. They are categorized into direct-acting and indirect-acting agents. The direct-acting cholinergic drugs induce the parasympathetic response by directly binding to the muscarinic or nicotine receptors. In comparison, the indirect-acting cholinergic drugs prevent acetylcholine hydrolysis, indirectly contributing to the extended parasympathetic response.
The direct-acting...
Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment01:26

Anticholinesterase Agents: Poisoning and Treatment

Anticholinesterases, also known as cholinesterase inhibitors, work by blocking the breakdown of acetylcholine, leading to its accumulation in the synaptic cleft. This accumulation indirectly enhances both muscarinic and nicotinic actions. These agents are classified as reversible or irreversible based on their mechanism of action.     
Irreversible agents form a strong bond with the cholinesterase enzyme, making it inactive. The breakdown of the phosphorylated enzyme is slower than the...
Parasympathetic Signaling01:30

Parasympathetic Signaling

Parasympathetic signaling plays a crucial role in regulating various physiological processes. It involves the release of acetylcholine (ACh) by parasympathetic neurons, which can have localized and short-lived effects. The majority of ACh released is rapidly inactivated at the synapse by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), which hydrolyzes Ach into choline and acetate. Additionally, the tissue cholinesterase deactivates any ACh diffusing into the surrounding tissues.
The effects of...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Murine Model of Fetal Exposure to Maternal Inflammation to Study the Effects of Acute Chorioamnionitis on Newborn Intestinal Development
08:50

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Published on: June 24, 2020

Decrease of muscarinic cholinergic receptors expression in placenta from rats exposed to methyl parathion.

B González-García1, M E Olave, E Ramos-Martínez

  • 1Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Autonomous University of Chihuahua, Chihuahua, Mexico.

Human & Experimental Toxicology
|July 25, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Prenatal exposure to methyl parathion (MP) alters placental cholinergic system. This pesticide exposure decreased muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) M1 and M2 expression in pregnant rats.

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Published on: January 26, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Organophosphate pesticides, like methyl parathion (MP), can cross the placenta.
  • The placental cholinergic system plays a role in fetal development.
  • Potential effects of MP on placental cholinergic receptors are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of prenatal methyl parathion (MP) exposure on placental muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mAChR) expression in rats.
  • To determine if MP alters the levels of M1 and M2 mAChR subtypes in the placenta.

Main Methods:

  • Pregnant rats were exposed to varying doses of methyl parathion (MP) (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 mg/kg).
  • Immunohistochemical analysis was used to detect M1 and M2 mAChR in placental tissues.
  • Image analysis quantified the density of mAChR signals.

Main Results:

  • Both M1 and M2 mAChR were detected in the placental labyrinth trophoblast.
  • A slight predominance of M2 over M1 mAChR was observed in control (non-exposed) placentas.
  • MP exposure led to a significant decrease in M1 and M2 mAChR expression compared to controls (P < 0.05).
  • No clear dose-response relationship was identified for MP-induced changes in mAChR expression.

Conclusions:

  • Prenatal methyl parathion (MP) exposure alters the expression of M1 and M2 muscarinic cholinergic receptors (mAChR) in the rat placenta.
  • These changes suggest that placental cholinergic functions may be compromised following prenatal MP exposure.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the functional consequences of these receptor alterations.