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Related Concept Videos

The Significance of Membrane Transport01:44

The Significance of Membrane Transport

The transport of solutes across the cell membrane is essential for metabolic processes, like maintaining cell size and volume, generating the action potential, exchanging nutrients and gases, etc. Membrane transport can be either passive or active. It can be simple diffusion, facilitated, or mediated transport aided by transport proteins such as transporters and channels.
Transporters facilitate either an active or passive movement of solutes. They can allow a single-molecule transport down its...
Secondary Active Transport01:32

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme "pump" embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Secondary Active Transport01:55

Secondary Active Transport

One example of how cells use the energy contained in electrochemical gradients is demonstrated by glucose transport into cells. The ion vital to this process is sodium (Na+), which is typically present in higher concentrations extracellularly than in the cytosol. Such a concentration difference is due, in part, to the action of an enzyme “pump” embedded in the cellular membrane that actively expels Na+ from a cell. Importantly, as this pump contributes to the high concentration of...
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
Active Transport01:14

Active Transport

Active transport is a critical biological process that allows cells to move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. This process requires direct energy input and is characterized by its selectivity, saturability, and susceptibility to competitive inhibition.
Primary active transporters, like Na+, K+ and -ATPase, directly utilize ATP to move ions across the membrane. These transporters play significant roles in various physiological processes. For instance, Na+, K+ and -ATPase maintain...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

High-Throughput Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carriers for Structural and Biochemical Studies
07:10

High-Throughput Expression and Purification of Human Solute Carriers for Structural and Biochemical Studies

Published on: September 29, 2023

Functional insights into the creatine transporter.

David L Christie1

  • 1Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology Section, School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.

Sub-Cellular Biochemistry
|July 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Creatine transporter (CRT) is crucial for brain function. Mutations in the CRT gene (SLC6A8) cause X-linked mental retardation, highlighting CRT's importance in neurological development and creatine uptake.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Creatine and phosphocreatine form an energy buffer system vital for high-demand tissues.
  • Cellular creatine uptake relies on a specific plasma membrane creatine transporter (CRT).
  • CRT belongs to the solute carrier family 6 (SLC6) of neurotransmitter transporters.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of the creatine transporter (CRT) in cellular creatine uptake.
  • To understand the implications of CRT dysfunction in neurological disorders.
  • To explore the structure, function, and regulation of CRT.

Main Methods:

  • Studying creatine transport in various tissues and cells.
  • Analyzing in vitro studies of CRT mutations.
  • Identifying mutations linked to CRT deficiency.
  • Utilizing CRT antibodies for localization studies.
  • Employing cell models and developing mouse models.

Main Results:

  • Mutations in the CRT gene (SLC6A8) lead to X-linked mental retardation.
  • CRT deficiency results in severe lack of brain creatine, speech/language delays, epilepsy, and autistic behaviors.
  • CRT antibodies have been developed to map creatine uptake sites.

Conclusions:

  • The creatine transporter (CRT) is essential for normal brain function.
  • CRT dysfunction has significant neurological consequences.
  • Further research using developed tools and models will enhance understanding of CRT regulation and in vivo function.