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Related Concept Videos

Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology01:20

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease-II: Pathophysiology

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) pathophysiology is intricate and multifaceted, involving a complex interplay of physiological processes. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for effectively managing and treating COPD. Here is an in-depth look at the critical elements in the pathophysiology of COPD:
Chronic Inflammation
Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology01:23

Alzheimer Disease ll: Pathophysiology

Alzheimer disease involves structural changes in the brain that begin long before symptoms appear. The most distinctive features are extracellular neuritic plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles.Neuritic plaques form in the cerebral cortex and around blood vessels. These plaques contain a dense core of beta-amyloid (Aβ)—a toxic protein fragment that clumps outside neurons. The core is surrounded by damaged neuronal extensions, as well as reactive astrocytes and microglia. Abnormal...
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features01:24

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease III: Chronic Bronchitis Features

Chronic bronchitis is a key phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), characterized by airway-centered inflammation and mucus overproduction. It develops from long-term exposure to harmful particles or gases, most commonly cigarette smoke, which triggers a persistent inflammatory response.Cellular and Structural ChangesInflammation initially affects the large bronchi and later the smaller airways, with infiltration by immune cells, including neutrophils, macrophages, and...
Alterations in Respiration II01:30

Alterations in Respiration II

There are numerous types of normal and abnormal respiration. Based on ventilatory movements, breathing patterns are classified as regular, deep, or shallow. Examples include Biot's breathing, Cheyne-Stokes respiration, Kussmaul's breathing, hyperventilation, and hypoventilation. Each pattern is clinically significant and aids in evaluating patients.
In Biot's breathing, the respiratory rate and depth are irregular, alternating between periods of deep gasping and apnea. Common causes include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Brain structural changes in obstructive sleep apnea.

Paul M Macey1, Rajesh Kumar, Mary A Woo

  • 1Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.

Sleep
|July 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is linked to widespread axonal injury in white matter, affecting brain regions crucial for cognition and emotion. This study reveals significant fiber integrity loss in OSA patients compared to controls.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
07:54

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Published on: December 6, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neuroimaging
  • Neurology
  • Sleep Medicine

Background:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a prevalent condition characterized by intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation.
  • Emerging evidence suggests potential neurological consequences of OSA beyond cognitive impairment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether individuals with obstructive sleep apnea exhibit signs of axonal injury.
  • To assess white matter integrity in OSA patients using advanced neuroimaging techniques.

Main Methods:

  • Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was employed to evaluate white matter fiber integrity in 41 untreated OSA patients and 69 control subjects.
  • Fractional anisotropy (FA) maps were generated and analyzed using voxel-based statistics to identify group differences, controlling for age.

Main Results:

  • The OSA group demonstrated significantly lower FA values in multiple white matter regions compared to controls.
  • Affected areas included the corpus callosum, cingulate bundle, internal capsule, corticospinal tract, and cerebellar pathways.

Conclusions:

  • Obstructive sleep apnea is associated with extensive white matter damage, impacting axons connecting critical brain structures.
  • These findings suggest that OSA may lead to axonal injury within the limbic system, brainstem, cortical regions, and cerebellum.