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Related Concept Videos

Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Depression01:03

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Calcium Ion Concentration Mechanism
If over time, all...
Long-term Depression01:05

Long-term Depression

Long-term depression, or LTD, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTD is the process of synaptic weakening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic weakening of LTD works in opposition to synaptic strengthening by long-term potentiation (LTP) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...
Chemical Synapses01:26

Chemical Synapses

Chemical synapses are specialized sites between two neurons or between a neuron and a non-neuronal cell like a muscle, glandular or sensory cell.
Because chemical synapses depend on the release of neurotransmitter molecules from synaptic vesicles to pass on their signal, there is an approximately one millisecond delay between when the axon potential reaches the presynaptic terminal and when the neurotransmitter leads to opening of postsynaptic ion channels. Additionally, this signaling is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle
11:56

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Published on: November 9, 2009

Relationship between developmental synaptic modulation and conditioning-induced synaptic change in Lymnaea.

T Karasawa1, Nao Sato, T Horikoshi

  • 1Graduate School of High-Technology for Human Welfare, Tokai University, 317 Nishino, Numazu 410-0321, Shizuoka, Japan.

Acta Biologica Hungarica
|July 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Young Lymnaea snails primarily use skin respiration. Operant conditioning shifts adult snail breathing to the skin, altering neuronal connections. This study investigated synaptic changes in snail respiratory neurons during development and conditioning.

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Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
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Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

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Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises
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Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises

Published on: January 18, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle
11:56

Historical View and Physiology Demonstration at the NMJ of the Crayfish Opener Muscle

Published on: November 9, 2009

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
09:39

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation

Published on: June 26, 2013

Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises
16:16

Membrane Potentials, Synaptic Responses, Neuronal Circuitry, Neuromodulation and Muscle Histology Using the Crayfish: Student Laboratory Exercises

Published on: January 18, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Animal Behavior
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Adult Lymnaea snails exhibit bimodal breathing (lung and skin).
  • Young Lymnaea predominantly utilize cutaneous respiration (skin breathing).
  • Operant conditioning can modify adult Lymnaea breathing behavior towards cutaneous respiration.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that behavioral changes in breathing are driven by alterations in neuronal circuits.
  • To examine the modulation of the synaptic connection between RPeD1 and RPA6 neurons during development and conditioning in Lymnaea.
  • To correlate synaptic plasticity with respiratory behavior changes.

Main Methods:

  • Electrophysiological recordings were used to study neuronal activity.
  • Focus on the synaptic connection between specific neurons (RPeD1 and RPA6) in the snail's nervous system.
  • Comparison of synaptic properties in young naive, adult naive, and operantly-conditioned adult Lymnaea.

Main Results:

  • An excitatory monosynaptic connection was identified between RPeD1 and RPA6 neurons.
  • This synaptic connection was present in young naive animals.
  • The RPeD1-RPA6 synaptic relationship was also observed in operantly-conditioned adult animals and correlated with their altered respiratory behavior.

Conclusions:

  • The RPeD1-RPA6 synaptic connection is a key component of the respiratory neuronal circuit in Lymnaea.
  • This specific synaptic connection is maintained or modulated during development and operant conditioning.
  • The plasticity of this synapse is linked to the observed changes in respiratory behavior, suggesting a neural basis for behavioral adaptation.