Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Analysis of Motility Patterns of Stentor During and After Oral Apparatus Regeneration Using Cell Tracking
Published on: April 26, 2021
Coordination between pneumostome movements and cyclic locomotion in Planorbarius corneus (Mollusca, Pulmonata)
1Laboratory of Comparative Physiology, RAS Institute of Developmental Biology, Moscow, Russia. compar@pochtamt.ru
Abstract:
In a reduced preparation of Planorbarius corneus consisting of the CNS and mantle complex, both the dopamine precursor L-DOPA and the serotonin precursor 5-HTP have been found to be able to induce and maintain rhythmic pneumostome (PN) movements coupled, in a neurotransmitter-specific manner, to fictive cyclic locomotion. Following transection of the pedal commissures, the pharmacologically induced movements of the PN were coordinated with the locomotory rhythm generated by the left pedal ganglion.
Related Concept Videos
Mechanism of Breathing III: The Accessory Muscles
The respiratory system is a complex network that relies on primary respiratory muscles like the diaphragm, but also involves accessory muscles to enhance lung expansion and airflow during both inhalation and exhalation.
Enhancing Inhalation with Accessory Muscles:
Accessory muscles such as the sternocleidomastoid, scalene, intercostal, and abdominal muscles are crucial when additional respiratory effort is required, such as during deep...
Structure and Organization of Smooth Muscles
Structure of smooth muscle cell
Smooth muscle cells are spindle-shaped with tapering ends and a...
Whole Body Regeneration
Bacterial Phylum Planctomycetes
Breathing
Mechanism of Breathing I: Inspiration
The respiratory system, an essential network for breathing, comprises the conducting and respiratory zones, each playing a crucial role in the overall process of respiration. Let us explore the detailed mechanism of inspiration, or inhalation, which is the first phase of the respiratory cycle.
Pathway of Air during Inspiration
During inspiration, air enters our body through the nose or mouth and moves through the conducting zone,...

