Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor cortex.
Visual System01:26

Visual System

Light enters the eye through the cornea, a transparent, dome-shaped surface covering the surface of the eyeball that helps to direct and focus incoming light. This light is then channeled toward the pupil, an adjustable opening whose size is controlled by the iris. The iris, a pigmented muscle, regulates the amount of light entering the eye by contracting or dilating the pupil, thereby ensuring optimal light levels for clear vision.
Once through the pupil, the light passes through the lens, a...
Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

Association Areas of the Cortex

Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Depth Perception and Spatial Vision01:15

Depth Perception and Spatial Vision

Depth perception is the ability to perceive objects three-dimensionally. It relies on two types of cues: binocular and monocular. Binocular cues depend on the combination of images from both eyes and how the eyes work together. Since the eyes are in slightly different positions, each eye captures a slightly different image. This disparity between images, known as binocular disparity, helps the brain interpret depth. When the brain compares these images, it determines the distance to an object.
Vision01:24

Vision

Vision is the result of light being detected and transduced into neural signals by the retina of the eye. This information is then further analyzed and interpreted by the brain. First, light enters the front of the eye and is focused by the cornea and lens onto the retina—a thin sheet of neural tissue lining the back of the eye. Because of refraction through the convex lens of the eye, images are projected onto the retina upside-down and reversed.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Enactment and bizarreness modulate familiarity and recollection in associative recognition: Evidence from FN400 and LPC.

Neuropsychologia·2025
Same author

Task Demands Differentially Affect Processing of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Object Features in Working Memory.

Experimental psychology·2023
Same author

Unitization of internal and external features contributes to associative recognition for faces: Evidence from modulations of the FN400.

Brain research·2020
Same author

Visual Working Memory of Chinese Characters and Expertise: The Expert's Memory Advantage Is Based on Long-Term Knowledge of Visual Word Forms.

Frontiers in psychology·2020
Same author

Spatio-Temporal Neural Changes After Task-Switching Training in Old Age.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience·2019
Same author

Is the Correlation between Storage Capacity and Matrix Reasoning Driven by the Storage of Partial Solutions? A Pilot Study of an Experimental Approach.

Journal of Intelligence·2019
Same journal

IGFBP3 and UBE2C are associated with protein modification pathways and serve as prognostic markers in glioma.

Brain research·2026
Same journal

Targeting neurodevelopmental miR132-3p promotes neuroprotection and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury in mice.

Brain research·2026
Same journal

Variability in acoustic startle response and prepulse inhibition across adulthood in Fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 knockout mice.

Brain research·2026
Same journal

Transcriptome-guided modeling reveals insulin-related metabolic dysfunction in SCA3 mouse cerebellum.

Brain research·2026
Same journal

Intranasal stromal cell-derived factor-1α mitigates parkinsonian deficits via dual modulation of neuroinflammation and gut microbiota in MPTP-induced models.

Brain research·2026
Same journal

Emotions, the amygdala, and the right hemisphere.

Brain research·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

Common coding of auditory and visual spatial information in working memory.

Günther Lehnert1, Hubert D Zimmer

  • 1Brain and Cognition Unit, Department of Psychology, Saarland University, PO Box 151 150, 66041 Saarbrücken, Germany. g-lehnert@web.de

Brain Research
|July 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study compared visual and auditory spatial memory using event-related slow potentials. Frontal brain activity differed based on stimulus type during encoding, while posterior activity reflected common memory load processing.

More Related Videos

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
14:24

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze

Published on: July 29, 2025

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)
09:05

Assessing Working Memory in Children: The Comprehensive Assessment Battery for Children – Working Memory (CABC-WM)

Published on: June 12, 2017

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze
14:24

An Appetitive Spatial Working Memory Task for Mice in a Semi-Automated 8-Arm Radial Maze, Reducing Fearful Memory Association in the Maze

Published on: July 29, 2025

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis
13:51

Cross-Modal Multivariate Pattern Analysis

Published on: November 9, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neurophysiology
  • Sensory Processing

Background:

  • Spatial short-term memory is crucial for daily functioning.
  • Understanding modality-specific processing in memory is key to cognitive science.
  • Event-related slow potentials offer insights into neural dynamics during memory tasks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare spatial short-term memory for visual versus auditory stimuli.
  • To investigate neural correlates of encoding and maintenance using slow potentials.
  • To determine if modality or memory load influences brain activity differently.

Main Methods:

  • Event-related slow potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a spatial memory task.
  • Participants encoded and maintained locations of visual or auditory stimuli.
  • Memory load was varied (4 or 6 items) during a 6-second retention period.

Main Results:

  • Stimulus modality modulated frontal slow potentials during encoding (visual vs. auditory).
  • Frontal activity showed load-dependent effects during maintenance, influenced by modality.
  • Posterior slow potentials reflected memory load independently of stimulus modality.

Conclusions:

  • Frontal slow potentials likely represent modality-specific encoding strategies.
  • Posterior slow potentials suggest a common neural substrate for spatial location coding.
  • Findings highlight distinct and shared neural mechanisms for visual and auditory spatial memory.