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Related Concept Videos

Teeth01:15

Teeth

The formation of teeth, also known as odontogenesis, is a complex process that begins in utero, around the sixth week of embryonic development. There are three stages to this process: the bud stage, the cap stage, and the bell stage.
In the bud stage, the tooth germ (an aggregation of cells) starts to form in the developing jawbone. During the cap stage, the tooth germ differentiates into enamel organ, dental papilla, and dental sac, which will later develop into the tooth's enamel, dentin and...
Tooth Anatomy01:21

Tooth Anatomy

The human tooth enables us to eat a variety of foods, speak clearly, and even aid in shaping our faces. Teeth are composed of various elements that work together. Here's a detailed look at the anatomy of a human tooth.
The Crown, Neck, and Root
The visible part of the tooth is referred to as the crown. It's covered by enamel, the hardest substance in the human body. The crown is uniquely shaped for each type of tooth, allowing for different functions such as cutting, tearing, or grinding food.

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Related Experiment Video

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Systematic Assessment of Mammalian Skull Specimens for Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology
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Tooth dimensions in hypodontia with a known PAX9 mutation.

A H Brook1, C Elcock, M Aggarwal

  • 1International Collaborating Centre in Oro-facial Genetics and Development, University of Liverpool, School of Dental Sciences, Edwards Building, Daulby Street, Pembroke Place, Merseyside, Liverpool L69 3GN, UK.

Archives of Oral Biology
|July 26, 2008
PubMed
Summary

This study found that a PAX9 gene mutation causing hypodontia (congenital tooth absence) also results in smaller tooth crown dimensions across the entire dentition, not just missing teeth.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Oral Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Congenital tooth absence (hypodontia) is a complex developmental anomaly.
  • The genetic basis of hypodontia involves mutations in key developmental genes, such as PAX9.
  • Previous studies focused on tooth number, but the impact on tooth size is less understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively assess tooth crown dimensions in a family with hypodontia caused by a PAX9 mutation.
  • To compare these dimensions with those of an unaffected control group using advanced image analysis.
  • To investigate the phenotypic effects of the PAX9 mutation on tooth morphology beyond absence.

Main Methods:

  • Digital imaging of dental models from 10 affected family members (three generations) and 10 controls.
  • Image analysis measured mesio-distal, bucco-lingual, area, and perimeter of teeth up to first permanent molars.
  • Statistical analysis (t-tests) compared dimensions between the hypodontia and control groups; reliability assessed via ICC.

Main Results:

  • High intra- and inter-operator reliability (mean r > 0.95) for image analysis measurements.
  • Family members with hypodontia exhibited significantly smaller tooth crown dimensions across most tooth types and parameters.
  • Greatest differences observed in bucco-lingual and perimeter measurements, particularly for upper lateral incisors.

Conclusions:

  • The PAX9 mutation associated with hypodontia affects not only tooth number but also tooth crown size.
  • Smaller tooth dimensions are a consistent feature across the dentition in individuals with this PAX9 mutation.
  • This highlights a broader morphological impact of the PAX9 gene in dental development.