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Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...

Ionic Bonds

Ionic Bonds

When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic CompoundsIonic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions with...

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ionic Bonding and Electron Transfer

Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions.

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

The contact of metal and semiconductor can lead to the formation of a junction with either Schottky or Ohmic behavior.
Schottky Barriers
Schottky barriers arise when a metal with a work function (Φm) contacts a semiconductor with a different work function (Φs). Initially, electrons transfer until the Fermi levels of the metal and semiconductor align at equilibrium. For instance, if Φm > Φs, the semiconductor Fermi level is higher than the metal's before contact. The semiconductor's...

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing of Metal-Semiconductor Junctions

Biasing metal-semiconductor junctions involves applying a voltage across the junction. Specifically, the metal is connected to a voltage source, while the semiconductor is grounded. This technique is essential for controlling the direction and magnitude of current flow in electronic devices, including diodes, transistors, and photovoltaic cells.
In Schottky junctions, where the semiconductor is n-type, applying a positive voltage to the metal relative to the semiconductor reduces its Fermi...

Junction Potentials in Galvanic Cells

Junction Potentials in Galvanic Cells

The Nernst equation, derived under the assumption of thermodynamic equilibrium, calculates the electromotive force (emf) as the sum of potential differences at phase boundaries in a reversible cell without a liquid junction. However, in irreversible cells such as the Daniell cell, an additional potential difference named the liquid-junction potential (EJ) arises across the interface of two electrolyte solutions due to different ion diffusion rates. This EJ represents the potential difference...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

High-resolution Thermal Micro-imaging Using Europium Chelate Luminescent Coatings

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Published on: April 16, 2017

Local ionic and electron heating in single-molecule junctions.

Zhifeng Huang, Fang Chen, Roberto D'agosta

Nature Nanotechnology

|July 26, 2008

Summary

Local heating in molecular junctions was investigated. Effective temperature rises with bias, then falls, and decreases with longer molecules, aligning with hydrodynamic theory.

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Area of Science:

Molecular electronics
Nanoscale heat transfer

Background:

Understanding charge transport in single molecules is key for molecular electronics.
Current-induced local heating in molecular junctions is a critical but understudied phenomenon.

Discussion:

Investigated local heating in single alkanedithiol molecules (6-, 8-, 10-carbon chains) between gold electrodes.
Analyzed the effect of applied bias and molecular length on junction temperature.
Observed a non-monotonic temperature dependence on bias, peaking at a specific voltage.

Key Insights:

Effective temperature increases with applied bias, reaching a maximum before decreasing.
Longer molecular chains exhibit lower effective temperatures at fixed bias.
Findings align with hydrodynamic predictions incorporating electron-phonon and electron-electron interactions.

Outlook:

Further research into thermal management is crucial for advancing molecular electronic devices.
This study provides a foundation for controlling heat dissipation in nanoscale systems.
Potential applications in designing stable and efficient molecular electronic components.