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Related Concept Videos

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control01:16

Precipitate Formation and Particle Size Control

In precipitation gravimetry, the precipitating agent should react specifically or selectively with the analyte. While a specific reagent reacts with the analyte alone, a selective reagent can react with a limited number of chemical species.
The obtained precipitate should be either a pure substance of known composition or easily converted to one by a simple process, such as ignition or drying. In addition, the precipitate should be insoluble and easily filterable. In general, filterability...
Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria01:10

Recrystallization: Solid–Solution Equilibria

Recrystallization is a purification technique used to separate impurities from solid compounds. In this technique, no chemical reactions occur. Instead, it exploits physical properties only, specifically, the solubility differences between the desired compound and impurities, either at a single temperature or at different temperatures, and under other selected conditions. The solid-solution equilibrium (solubility equilibrium) of each component in the solution represents a binary phase...
The Colloidal State01:29

The Colloidal State

The formation of a colloidal system is exemplified by an aqueous solution containing Cl− ions is introduced to another containing Ag+ ions, resulting in the precipitation of solid AgCl as extremely tiny crystals. Instead of settling out as a filterable precipitate, these crystals remain suspended in the liquid, showcasing a colloidal system.A colloidal system involves colloidal particles within the approximate range of 1 to 1000 nm in at least one dimension, dispersed in a medium called the...

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Flash NanoPrecipitation for the Encapsulation of Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Compounds in Polymeric Nanoparticles
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Published on: January 7, 2019

Particle size distribution dynamics during precipitative softening: constant solution composition.

Jeffrey A Nason1, Desmond F Lawler

  • 1School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-2702, USA. jeff.nason@oregonstate.edu

Water Research
|July 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Understanding particle size distribution (PSD) is key for effective water treatment. This study quantifies how precipitation and flocculation influence PSD during water softening, crucial for contaminant removal.

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Published on: August 14, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Water Treatment Technologies
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Precipitative coagulation is essential for surface water treatment before particle removal.
  • Particle size distribution (PSD) significantly impacts contaminant removal efficiency.
  • Quantitative understanding of PSD changes during simultaneous precipitation and flocculation is limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively investigate the evolution of particle size distribution (PSD) during precipitative softening.
  • To elucidate the effects of nucleation, crystal growth, and flocculation on PSD.
  • To determine the influence of saturation ratio, seed concentration, and mixing intensity on these processes.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized electronic particle counting for detailed PSD measurements.
  • Studied CaCO(3) precipitation under constant solution composition.
  • Analyzed time-varying PSD data to understand dynamic changes.

Main Results:

  • Observed significant PSD alterations due to nucleation, crystal growth, and flocculation.
  • Quantified the impact of saturation ratio on precipitation dynamics.
  • Demonstrated the influence of seed concentration and mixing intensity on particle formation and aggregation.

Conclusions:

  • Precipitation and flocculation dynamics critically shape PSD in water treatment.
  • Findings provide quantitative insights for optimizing water treatment processes.
  • Results have direct implications for the design and operation of water treatment facilities.