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Related Concept Videos

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems01:26

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Continuous-Release Systems

Continuous-release drug delivery systems offer a strategic approach to maintaining therapeutic drug levels over extended periods following oral administration. By modulating the release rate of active pharmaceutical ingredients, these systems minimize fluctuations in plasma concentrations, which enhances clinical efficacy and reduces the need for frequent dosing. Such characteristics make them particularly advantageous in managing chronic diseases where patient adherence and stable drug...
Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems01:21

Intrauterine Drug Delivery Systems

Controlled-release systems for intravaginal and intrauterine drug delivery have been developed primarily for the administration of contraceptive steroid hormones. These delivery routes circumvent first-pass hepatic metabolism, thereby enhancing bioavailability and allowing for reduced systemic dosages compared to oral administration. Such approaches contribute to improved therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance, particularly in long-term contraceptive regimens.Intravaginal Drug Delivery...
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Birth Control Methods

Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although vasectomy...
Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling01:17

Hepatic Drug Excretion: Enterohepatic Cycling

Enterohepatic cycling involves the active secretion of drugs and their metabolites into the bile via transporters in the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. This secretion is an integral part of the digestive process, releasing these substances into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
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Ovarian Cycle01:27

Ovarian Cycle

The menstrual cycle includes a critical component known as the ovarian cycle, which undergoes two main phases each month—the follicular phase and the luteal phase. The follicular phase is variable and averaging around 14 days. Ovulation, triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH), marks the transition between the two phases. The second phase, the luteal phase, is relatively consistent, lasting approximately 14 days, and is marked by the activity of the corpus luteum. While a cycle length...
Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems01:11

Oral Drug Delivery Systems: Delayed-Release Systems

Delayed-release drug delivery systems are specialized pharmaceutical formulations designed to postpone the release of active compounds until the drug reaches a specific region of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, typically the intestine. These systems are essential for drugs that may cause gastric irritation, are unstable in acidic environments, or need to exert therapeutic effects locally in the intestinal or colonic regions.The core feature of delayed-release systems is the use of enteric...

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Reconstitution of Cell-cycle Oscillations in Microemulsions of Cell-free Xenopus Egg Extracts
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Extended- and continuous-cycle oral contraceptives.

Sarah P Shrader1, Lori M Dickerson

  • 1Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Outcome Sciences, South Carolina College of Pharmacy, Medical University of South Carolina, 295 Calhoun Street, Charleston, SC 29425, USA. shrader@musc.edu

Pharmacotherapy
|July 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New extended- and continuous-cycle oral contraceptives offer reduced or eliminated menses. Clinical trials show they are effective for pregnancy prevention with similar side effects to traditional pills, but increased breakthrough bleeding.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pharmacology
  • Gynecology

Background:

  • Five new extended- or continuous-cycle oral contraceptives have been approved by the FDA.
  • These contraceptives utilize various estrogen and progestin combinations.
  • They offer options to shorten, reduce frequency, or eliminate menstrual cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics, efficacy, and safety of newly approved extended- and continuous-cycle oral contraceptives.
  • To compare these new agents with traditional oral contraceptives regarding pregnancy prevention and adverse effects.

Main Methods:

  • Review of FDA-approved extended- and continuous-cycle oral contraceptives.
  • Analysis of clinical trial data on efficacy and adverse effects.
  • Comparison of regimens: 24/4, 84/7, and continuous dosing.

Main Results:

  • Extended- and continuous-cycle oral contraceptives are as effective as traditional pills in preventing pregnancy.
  • Adverse effect profiles are similar, with a notable increase in breakthrough bleeding and spotting.
  • Regimens include ethinyl estradiol with drospirenone, norethindrone, or levonorgestrel in various dosing schedules.

Conclusions:

  • Newly approved oral contraceptives provide a valuable option for women seeking to decrease or eliminate menses.
  • These agents offer comparable efficacy to traditional methods but require monitoring for altered bleeding patterns.
  • Long-term safety and efficacy data are still limited due to the recent introduction of these products.