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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...

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Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
09:54

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Published on: December 3, 2019

Relation between HIV viral load and infectiousness: a model-based analysis.

David P Wilson1, Matthew G Law, Andrew E Grulich

  • 1National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Dwilson@nchecr.unsw.edu.au

Lancet (London, England)
|July 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Effective antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces but does not eliminate HIV transmission risk. Declining condom use based on non-infectiousness claims could increase HIV incidence, particularly in male homosexual partnerships.

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Area of Science:

  • Epidemiology
  • Mathematical Modeling
  • Public Health

Background:

  • A Swiss consensus statement suggests people on effective antiretroviral therapy (ART) with undetectable HIV RNA are non-infectious.
  • This analysis examines the population-level implications of this claim regarding HIV transmission.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate the cumulative risk of HIV transmission from effectively treated individuals (HIV RNA <10 copies/mL).
  • To assess the risk of sexual transmission per act and over prolonged periods in HIV-discordant couples.
  • To analyze the potential impact on HIV incidence if condom use declines due to perceived non-infectiousness.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a simple mathematical model to simulate HIV transmission.
  • Estimated annual and cumulative transmission probabilities in heterosexual and homosexual partnerships.
  • Modeled transmission over 10 years in a population of 10,000 serodiscordant partnerships.

Main Results:

  • Annual transmission risk per couple: 0.0022 (F-to-M), 0.0043 (M-to-F), 0.043 (M-to-M).
  • Over 10 years, expected seroconversions in 10,000 partnerships: 215 (F-to-M), 425 (M-to-F), 3524 (M-to-M).
  • Potential fourfold increase in HIV incidence compared to current condom use rates.

Conclusions:

  • HIV transmission risk is low but non-zero in effectively treated heterosexual partnerships.
  • Transmission risk remains high in male homosexual partnerships with repeated exposures.
  • Widespread acceptance of non-infectiousness claims and reduced condom use could lead to significant increases in HIV incidence.