Soft tissue injuries: 3. Paraspinal

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J Timothy1, E Foley, C Comer

  • 1Emergency Department, Countess of Chester Hospital, Liverpool Road, Chester CH2 1UK, UK.

Emergency Medicine Journal : EMJ
|July 29, 2008
PubMed

Abstract:

A review of injuries to the spinal musculature, spinal ligaments, intervertebral discs, zygapophyseal joints (facet joints) and nerve roots.

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Spinal cord injury progresses through two interconnected phases: primary injury and secondary injury.Primary InjuryPrimary injury happens at the moment of trauma and involves immediate mechanical damage to the spinal cord.Compression happens when broken vertebrae, herniated discs, or accumulating blood (such as a hematoma) press directly against the spinal cord, distorting its normal shape and function. In cases of contusion, the cord is bruised by a blunt force (like penetrating injuries or...
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Early Ischemia and Ionic ImbalanceWithin minutes of spinal cord injury, a secondary cascade begins, progressing over hours to weeks. Vascular damage reduces blood flow, causing ischemia and mitochondrial dysfunction. ATP depletion leads to ion pump failure, membrane depolarization, sodium influx, potassium efflux, and water accumulation, resulting in cellular swelling. Increased intracellular calcium further disrupts mitochondria and accelerates cellular injury.Excitotoxicity and Neuronal...

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