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Related Concept Videos

Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance02:30

Genomic Imprinting and Inheritance

Diploid organisms inherit genetic material through chromosomes from both parents. Copies of the same gene are known as alleles. In most cases, both alleles are simultaneously expressed and allow various cellular processes to function optimally. If one of the alleles is missing or mutated, the expression of the other allele can compensate; however, this is not true for all genes.
The expression of some genes depends on which parent passed the gene to the offspring, through a phenomenon known as...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition01:27

Parentral Nutrition: Centeral and Peripheral Parental Nutrition

Parenteral Nutrition (PN) delivers essential nutrients directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive system. It is commonly used for individuals with severe digestive disorders or conditions that prevent normal nutrient absorption.
PN can be administered through two primary routes:
1. Central Parenteral Nutrition (CPN):
CPN involves delivering a high concentration of nutrients through a large vein. This is typically achieved using a Peripherally Inserted Central Catheter (PICC) or,...
Inborn Errors of Metabolism01:20

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a protein metabolism disorder characterized by high blood levels of the amino acid phenylalanine. This results from a mutation in the gene responsible for phenylalanine hydroxylase, an enzyme that converts phenylalanine into tyrosine. When this enzyme is deficient, phenylalanine builds up in the blood, leading to symptoms such as vomiting, rashes, seizures, growth deficiency, and severe mental retardation. An early diagnosis and a diet restricting phenylalanine intake...
Development of the Oral Microbiota01:28

Development of the Oral Microbiota

The establishment of the oral microbiome begins before birth, challenging the long-held belief that the fetal oral cavity is sterile. The presence of oral microbes such as Streptococcus and Fusobacterium in amniotic fluid suggests that microbial exposure may occur in utero, potentially through translocation from the maternal oral or gastrointestinal tract. This early colonization primes the neonatal immune system and sets the stage for subsequent microbial succession. Maternal health,...

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Sudomotor dysfunction in people with type 1 diabetes with and without clinical peripheral neuropathy: A study from Pune, India.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes
03:19

Modifying Levels of Maternal Dietary Folic Acid or Choline to Study the Impact of Deficiencies on Offspring Health Outcomes

Published on: June 28, 2024

Maternal nutrition, intrauterine programming and consequential risks in the offspring.

Chittaranjan S Yajnik1, Urmila S Deshmukh

  • 1Diabetes Unit, KEM Hospital and Research Centre, 6th floor, Banoo Coyaji Building, Rasta Peth, Pune 411011 Maharashtra, India. diabetes@vsnl.com

Reviews in Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders
|July 29, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Type 2 diabetes risk originates from fetal programming and childhood growth, influenced by maternal nutrition. Micronutrient imbalances, like folate and vitamin B12, are key factors in this developmental process.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology and Metabolism
  • Developmental Biology
  • Nutritional Science

Background:

  • Type 2 diabetes is a chronic disease linked to genetics and lifestyle.
  • The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) model suggests intrauterine environmental factors program future disease susceptibility.
  • This susceptibility is exacerbated by rapid childhood growth, creating a biphasic nutritional insult.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of fetal programming and nutritional insults in type 2 diabetes risk.
  • To explore the impact of micronutrient status on adiposity and insulin resistance in infants.
  • To highlight the significance of 1-carbon (methyl) metabolism in early life nutritional programming.

Main Methods:

  • Review of the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) model.
  • Analysis of nutritional factors influencing fetal development and childhood growth.
  • Examination of the relationship between maternal micronutrient status (folate, vitamin B12) and infant adiposity/insulin resistance.

Main Results:

  • Both fetal undernutrition (low birth weight) and overnutrition (infant of diabetic mother) increase future diabetes risk.
  • High adiposity is a common characteristic in infants at increased risk.
  • Normal to high maternal folate and low vitamin B12 status predicted higher infant adiposity and insulin resistance in Indian babies.

Conclusions:

  • Early life nutrition, particularly micronutrient status and 1-carbon metabolism, plays a critical role in programming type 2 diabetes risk.
  • The DOHaD model offers a new paradigm for preventing chronic non-communicable diseases.
  • Targeting maternal nutrition and micronutrient status may be crucial for preventing future metabolic dysfunction.