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Related Concept Videos

Hepatitis01:25

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...
Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction01:28

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...
Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology01:24

Cirrhosis II: Pathophysiology

Cirrhosis is a progressive chronic liver injury caused by prolonged inflammation, excessive fibrotic remodeling, and impaired regeneration. Over time, repeated hepatic insults disrupt the liver’s architecture and function, leading to reduced blood flow, impaired bile drainage, and diminished metabolic capacity.Pathophysiology of cirrhosisCirrhosis arises from three main responses to chronic liver damage: inflammation, immune activation, and hepatocyte death. These processes lead to structural...
Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test01:22

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...

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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks
10:28

A Cell Culture Model for Producing High Titer Hepatitis E Virus Stocks

Published on: June 26, 2020

Hepatitis E and pregnancy: understanding the pathogenesis.

Udayakumar Navaneethan1, Mayar Al Mohajer, Mohamed T Shata

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA. navaneur@email.uc.edu

Liver International : Official Journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver
|July 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is usually mild but severe in pregnant women in some regions. Immunological and hormonal changes during pregnancy may explain these geographical differences in HEV severity.

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Area of Science:

  • Hepatology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV) causes widespread acute viral hepatitis, particularly in developing nations.
  • While typically self-limiting in non-pregnant individuals (<0.1% fatality), HEV infection poses a severe risk to pregnant women, especially in India, often resulting in fulminant hepatic failure.
  • Geographical variations exist, with HEV in pregnancy being less severe in Egypt, Europe, and the USA.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review potential mechanisms behind the increased severity and geographical disparities of HEV infection in pregnant women.
  • To explore the role of pregnancy-associated hormonal and immunological alterations in HEV pathogenesis.
  • To identify knowledge gaps and guide future research in HEV immunology during pregnancy.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on HEV infection, pregnancy, and immunology.
  • Analysis of reported geographical differences in HEV severity among pregnant populations.
  • Examination of proposed immunological mechanisms, including T-helper cell bias and NF-kappaB regulation.

Main Results:

  • HEV infection presents a significantly higher mortality rate in pregnant women in certain regions compared to non-pregnant individuals or pregnant women in other geographical areas.
  • Hormonal changes (estrogen, progesterone) and associated immune modulation, such as suppressed NF-kappaB and a Th2-biased T-cell response, are implicated.
  • Host susceptibility factors, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression, may also contribute to differential outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • The heightened morbidity of HEV in pregnant women, particularly in specific regions, is likely multifactorial, involving pregnancy-specific immune and hormonal changes.
  • Current understanding cannot fully explain the geographical variations in HEV severity during pregnancy or why HEV differs from other hepatitis viruses like Hepatitis A.
  • Further research into the complex interplay of HEV, pregnancy immunology, and host genetics is crucial for developing effective interventions and improving outcomes.