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Related Concept Videos

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder01:15

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) is a sleep disorder characterized by the absence of muscle paralysis that normally occurs during the REM phase of sleep. This absence allows individuals to physically act out their dreams, which are often vivid and disturbing. Common behaviors exhibited during episodes include kicking, punching, and yelling. These actions can be dangerous, potentially leading to injuries for the person with RBD or their bed partner.
RBD is significantly associated with...
Sleep-Wake Cycles01:24

Sleep-Wake Cycles

Sleep is an essential physiological process vital to maintaining overall well-being. The reticular activating system (RAS), a network of neurons in the brainstem, regulates wakefulness and sleep. While it may seem passive, sleep consists of distinct cycles, each with its unique characteristics and functions. Two key sleep phases are non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and  rapid eye movement (REM).
NREM Sleep
NREM sleep comprises four progressive stages that seamlessly merge:
Stages of Sleep01:22

Stages of Sleep

Sleep progresses through distinct stages, each characterized by specific brain wave patterns and physiological responses ranging from wakefulness to stages of non-rapid eye movement, known as non-REM, to rapid eye movement, referred to as REM. Understanding these stages helps in recognizing how sleep supports various bodily and cognitive functions.
Before sleep begins, in wakefulness, the brain exhibits primarily beta waves, which are high in frequency and low in amplitude, indicating alertness...
Narcolepsy01:07

Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is a chronic sleep disorder characterized by pervasive, uncontrolled sleepiness and other sleep disturbances. One of its hallmark symptoms is an abrupt transition to REM sleep upon falling asleep, which causes symptoms typically associated with this phase to occur unexpectedly during wakefulness. These include the following symptoms, which typically last from a minute or two to half an hour.
Brain Waves01:23

Brain Waves

Brain waves are electrical signals generated by the neurons in the brain, which are regularly monitored to measure mental activities. Brain waves and their frequency ranges can be measured using an electroencephalogram or EEG. There are four main types of brain waves, each with distinct characteristics:
Nightmares and Night Terrors01:18

Nightmares and Night Terrors

Nightmares and night terrors represent two distinct types of sleep disturbances that differ in timing, characteristics, and the sleeper's recall of the event. Nightmares are vivid, disturbing dreams that usually awaken the sleeper from REM sleep, a stage of sleep where brain activity is high, and dreams are most frequent. Upon awakening, individuals often have detailed recollections of their nightmares, which can include themes of threats to survival, security, or self-esteem.
Nightmares often...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice
10:56

Quantifying Infra-slow Dynamics of Spectral Power and Heart Rate in Sleeping Mice

Published on: August 2, 2017

Phantom spike-and-wave bursts during REM-sleep.

P Gelisse1, A Crespel

  • 1Epilepsy Unit, hôpital Gui-de-Chauliac, Montpellier, France.

Neurophysiologie Clinique = Clinical Neurophysiology
|July 30, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Phantom spike-and-wave bursts, typically seen in wakefulness, were observed during REM sleep in a patient. This suggests REM sleep shares EEG characteristics with lighter sleep stages.

Area of Science:

  • Neurophysiology
  • Electroencephalography (EEG)

Background:

  • Phantom spike-and-wave bursts (PSWB) are characterized by low-amplitude, 5-7Hz spike bursts.
  • PSWB typically manifest bilaterally during relaxed wakefulness, drowsiness, or light sleep.

Observation:

  • A unique case presented PSWB reappearing during Rapid Eye Movement (REM) sleep.
  • This pattern is usually absent in deeper sleep stages.

Findings:

  • The reappearance of PSWB in REM sleep was confirmed.
  • This observation challenges the typical exclusion of PSWB from REM sleep.

Implications:

  • REM sleep may exhibit EEG patterns similar to wakefulness and drowsiness.
  • This finding enhances understanding of EEG patterns across different sleep stages.

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