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Related Concept Videos

Streptococcal Pharyngitis01:27

Streptococcal Pharyngitis

Streptococcal pharyngitis, commonly known as “strep throat,” is an acute infection of the oropharyngeal tissues caused by the Gram‑positive Group A Streptococcus (Streptococcus pyogenes). Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets expelled during coughing, sneezing, or talking.Mechanisms of Host Entry and Immune EvasionUpon entering the host, S. pyogenes adheres to the mucosal epithelial cells of the pharynx via surface proteins, notably lipoteichoic acid and the antiphagocytic...
Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction01:24

Nephrotic Syndrome I : Introduction

Nephrotic Syndrome is a chronic kidney disorder defined by clinical findings such as severe proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and edema. These symptoms result from damage to the glomeruli, the kidney’s filtering units, increasing their permeability to proteins.Definition and Meaning:Proteinuria, defined as the loss of more than 3.5 grams of protein per day in adults, is a crucial feature of nephrotic syndrome. This condition is often accompanied by edema, the accumulation of fluid...
Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology01:29

Acute Kidney Injury II: Pathophysiology

Acute kidney injury (AKI) causes are categorized into three primary categories based on the location of the injury: prerenal, intrarenal (or intrinsic), and postrenal causes. This classification guides clinical management and illustrates how different pathways can impair kidney function.Etiology and Pathophysiology of Acute Kidney Injury1. Prerenal causesEtiology: Prerenal Acute Kidney Injury, the most common type, occurs when reduced blood flow to the kidneys decreases filtration capacity...
Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management01:28

Acute Pyelonephritis II: Diagnostic Studies and Management

Introduction:For diagnosing acute pyelonephritis, a comprehensive patient history is collected to identify symptoms such as dysuria, frequent or urgent urination, flank pain, or costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness that may suggest a kidney infection.Physical ExaminationDuring the physical examination, CVA tenderness is assessed. This involves gentle percussion over the costovertebral angle, where tenderness often indicates a kidney infection.Diagnostic TestsUrinalysis: Used to identify white...
Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations01:29

Acute Kidney Injury III: Clinical Manifestations

Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) progresses through distinct clinical phases: the oliguric, diuretic, and recovery phases, each marked by unique manifestations and challenges.Oliguric Phase:The oliguric phase is the initial stage of AKI, typically lasting 10 to 14 days. This phase is marked by a significant reduction in urine output, usually less than 400 mL per day, indicating decreased kidney function. Fluid retention is a prominent feature, leading to symptoms such as edema, hypertension, and...
Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction01:27

Acute Pyelonephritis I: Introduction

Pyelonephritis is a bacterial infection that primarily affects the renal parenchyma and collecting system, including the renal pelvis, tubules, and interstitial tissue of one or both kidneys. It can be classified as either acute—a sudden, severe infection—or chronic, which refers to long-term or recurrent kidney infections.The primary cause of acute pyelonephritis (APN) is bacterial infection, with Escherichia coli accounting for approximately 70-80% of cases. Other bacteria, such as Proteus,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
09:43

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Published on: June 8, 2022

The current state of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.

Bernardo Rodriguez-Iturbe1, James M Musser

  • 1Renal Department, Hospital Universitario, Universidad del Zulia and Centro de Investigaciones Biomé dicas, IVIC-Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela. bernardori@movistar.net.ve

Journal of the American Society of Nephrology : JASN
|August 1, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) epidemiology has shifted, now rare in industrialized nations but prevalent in underprivileged regions. Prognosis varies, generally good for children but worse for elderly individuals and those with chronic kidney disease risk factors.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice
09:43

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Published on: June 8, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a well-established renal disease with evolving characteristics.
  • Significant shifts observed in PSGN epidemiology, streptococcal antigen nephritogenicity, and disease natural history over the past 30 years.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current epidemiology, pathogenesis, and prognosis of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
  • To highlight the global disparities in PSGN burden and discuss management strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Review of epidemiological data and clinical studies on poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis.
  • Analysis of changes in streptococcal antigen research and disease progression.

Main Results:

  • PSGN incidence has decreased in industrialized countries but remains high in underprivileged regions (9.5–28.5 cases/100,000/year).
  • Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended during outbreaks and for contacts in high-prevalence communities.
  • Long-term prognosis is favorable in children but poorer in the elderly and those with chronic kidney disease risk factors.

Conclusions:

  • Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis presents a significant global health challenge, particularly in resource-limited settings.
  • Management strategies should include targeted antibiotic prophylaxis and consideration of patient risk factors for long-term outcomes.
  • Future research, including genome-wide sequencing, may elucidate novel pathogenic mechanisms.