Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Rules for Significant Figures

Rules for Significant Figures

In any measurement, the precision of the measuring tool is an essential factor. An ordinary ruler, for example, can measure length to the closest millimeter; a caliper, on the other hand, can measure length to the nearest 0.01 mm. As a result, the caliper is a more precise measurement tool because it can measure extremely minute changes in length. The measurements will be more accurate if the measuring tool is more precise.
It should be emphasized that when we represent measured values, the...

Significant Figures in Calculations

Significant Figures in Calculations

Uncertainty in measurements can be avoided by reporting the results of a calculation with the correct number of significant figures. This can be determined by the following rules for rounding numbers:

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

Uncertainty in Measurement: Significant Figures

All the digits in a measurement, including the uncertain last digit, are called significant figures or significant digits. Note that zero may be a measured value; for example, if a scale that shows weight to the nearest pound reads “140,” then the 1 (hundreds), 4 (tens), and 0 (ones) are all significant (measured) values.

Numerical Calculations

Numerical Calculations

In engineering applications, the representation of the numerical value is critical. Presenting or reporting the answer is one of the essential parts of engineering practices. Numerical calculations are performed using handheld calculators or computers since numerically accurate answers are always preferred.
The solution to a problem is obtained using different methods. While manually solving algebraic symbols is one of the most common methods, the graphical method is often preferred. Computers...

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Uncertainty in Measurement: Reading Instruments

Counting is the type of measurement that is free from uncertainty, provided the number of objects being counted does not change during the process. Such measurements result in exact numbers. By counting the eggs in a carton, for instance, one can determine exactly how many eggs are there in the carton. Similarly, the numbers of defined quantities are also exact. For example, 1 foot is exactly 12 inches, 1 inch is exactly 2.54 centimeters, and 1 gram is exactly 0.001 kilograms. Quantities...

Complementation Tests

Complementation Tests

A complementation test is a simple cross to identify whether the two mutations are located on the same gene or different genes. It was first performed by Edward Lewis in the 1940s while working on fruit flies. He developed the test to identify the location and arrangement of different mutations on chromosomes.
Organisms heterozygous for different mutations are crossed pairwise in all combinations. If present on different genes, the mutations can complement each other by providing the missing...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The origin and evolution of dorsal determination mechanisms in vertebrate paired appendages.

Current biology : CB·2026

Same author

Therapeutic p63 isoform switching rescues epidermal defects in AEC syndrome.

Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy·2025

Same author

Dorsoventral limb patterning in paired appendages emerged via regulatory repurposing of an ancestral posterior fin module.

Molecular biology and evolution·2025

Same author

Establishment, conservation, and innovation of dorsal determination mechanisms during the evolution of vertebrate paired appendages.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Direct reprogramming of non-limb fibroblasts to cells with properties of limb progenitors.

Developmental cell·2024

Same author

The limb dorsoventral axis: Lmx1b's role in development, pathology, evolution, and regeneration.

Developmental dynamics : an official publication of the American Association of Anatomists·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Published on: March 18, 2019

How do we get a perfect complement of digits?

Ma Félix Bastida¹, Marian A Ros

¹Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad de Cantabria, C/ Herrera Oria s/n, E-39011 Santander, Spain.

Current Opinion in Genetics & Development

|August 2, 2008

Summary

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) controls limb development by patterning digits. Recent findings reveal Shh has a dual role in limb bud growth and patterning, leading to new developmental models.

More Related Videos

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Published on: May 13, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Generating Strictly Controlled Stimuli for Figure Recognition Experiments

Published on: March 18, 2019

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Multimedia Battery for Assessment of Cognitive and Basic Skills in Mathematics (BM-PROMA)

Published on: August 28, 2021

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Digital PCR-based Competitive Index for High-throughput Analysis of Fitness in Salmonella

Published on: May 13, 2019

Area of Science:

Developmental Biology
Molecular Biology
Genetics

Background:

Limb development requires precise digit formation in the digital plate.
Patterning along the limb bud's anterior-posterior axis is crucial for digit formation.
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling from the zone of polarizing activity regulates this patterning.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the dual role of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) in limb bud development.
To discuss new models explaining how Shh controls both growth and patterning.
To highlight recent findings on Shh function in the digital field.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent studies on Sonic hedgehog signaling in limb development.
Analysis of proposed models for Shh-mediated growth and patterning.
Discussion of experimental evidence supporting the dual function of Shh.

Main Results:

Sonic hedgehog (Shh) exhibits a dual function in limb development, influencing both growth and patterning.
Recent research indicates Shh controls the digital field's growth and patterning.
This dual role necessitates updated models of limb development regulation.

Conclusions:

The dual role of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) is a key factor in understanding limb development.
New models are proposed to integrate Shh's functions in growth and patterning.
Further research will elucidate the precise mechanisms of Shh action in digit formation.