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Related Concept Videos

Adrenal Gland Disorders01:27

Adrenal Gland Disorders

Adrenal gland disorders manifest when the production of adrenal hormones deviates from the norm, resulting in either excessive or insufficient concentrations.
Adrenal insufficiency, characterized by insufficient cortisol and aldosterone production, leads to conditions like Addison's disease. This disorder, affecting the adrenal cortex, exhibits symptoms such as skin bronzing, dehydration, low blood pressure, fatigue, and weight loss. Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, a genetic ailment causing...
Hormones of the Adrenal Glands01:31

Hormones of the Adrenal Glands

Adrenal hormones play a pivotal role in maintaining the body's electrolyte balance and orchestrating responses to stress, showcasing the intricate functions of the adrenal cortex and medulla.
The adrenal cortex, a powerhouse of hormone synthesis, generates over two dozen corticosteroid hormones. The zona glomerulosa produces mineralocorticoids, exemplified by aldosterone, influencing the electrolyte composition of body fluids. The synthesis of glucocorticoids such as cortisol and corticosterone...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids01:25

Antiasthma Drugs: Inhaled Corticosteroids and Glucocorticoids

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are anti-inflammatory drugs used primarily in treating persistent asthma and providing long-term maintenance. They target the bronchial mucosa, the lining of the airways, to control inflammation, a critical factor in asthma progression and exacerbation.
ICS work through a multifaceted mechanism of action. They suppress the inflammatory response caused by the proliferation of TH cells. They also reduce the transcription of the IL-2 gene, which is involved in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

[Glucocorticoid treatments and adrenal function].

Laurence Guignat1, Charlotte de Bucy, Jérôme Bertherat

  • 1Centre de référence maladies rares de la surrénale, service des maladies endocriniennes et métaboliques, hôpital Cochin, AP-HP, 75679 Paris.

La Revue Du Praticien
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Glucocorticoid therapy can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, causing adrenal insufficiency. Monitoring and gradual dose reduction are crucial for safe withdrawal and assessing axis recovery.

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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
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Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids
08:02

Fecal Glucocorticoid Analysis: Non-invasive Adrenal Monitoring in Equids

Published on: April 25, 2016

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions
04:33

Primary Culture of Rat Adrenocortical Cells and Assays of Steroidogenic Functions

Published on: March 12, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology

Context:

  • Glucocorticoid medications are widely used but can suppress the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
  • This suppression leads to a risk of secondary adrenal insufficiency upon treatment withdrawal.
  • Approximately 50% of patients on long-term glucocorticoids exhibit corticotropin axis suppression.

Purpose:

  • To review the mechanisms of HPA axis suppression by glucocorticoids.
  • To discuss the clinical implications of secondary adrenal insufficiency.
  • To outline strategies for managing glucocorticoid withdrawal and assessing HPA axis recovery.

Summary:

  • Glucocorticoid treatments inhibit the HPA axis, decreasing adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels.
  • This can result in unpredictable secondary adrenal insufficiency after glucocorticoid cessation.
  • Individual patient factors, alongside dose and duration, influence the degree of HPA axis suppression.
  • Gradual dose reduction is employed to mitigate withdrawal risks, with hydrocortisone substitution considered below 5 mg prednisone equivalent daily.
  • Corticotropin stimulation tests can evaluate HPA axis recovery before treatment discontinuation.

Impact:

  • Informing clinical practice for patients on long-term glucocorticoid therapy.
  • Highlighting the importance of careful monitoring and management during glucocorticoid withdrawal.
  • Emphasizing the need for further research into individual parameters affecting HPA axis recovery.