Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...
Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, high molecular...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview

The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Porous Ni-based metal-organic frameworks reduce the oxygen evolution temperature of lithium perchlorate.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Quantum Coherence in a Perylene-Based Metal-Organic Framework for Potential Solid-State Qubits.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Reversible color switching of bright phosphorescence in purely organic materials for advanced data encryption.

Nature communications·2026
Same author

Transitioning Formamide Solvothermal Syntheses of MOFs to Less Toxic Solvents.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same author

Elucidating the molecular structural origin of efficient emission across solid and solution phases of single benzene fluorophores.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Selecting a laser excitation source and sampling strategy for Raman spectroscopy.

Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy·2025
Same journal

Green-Light-Activated Ru(II)-Anthraquinone Photocatalyst: Evaluation of Catalytic NADH/NADPH Photooxidation and Redox-Mediated Photocytotoxicity.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Tuning Au Reactivity Beyond Canonical Targets: Ligand-Driven Au(I) Metalation of Lysine Residues in Hen Egg White Lysozyme.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Ligand-Induced Modulation of Photoluminescence in Atomically Precise Silver Nanoclusters.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Structure-Dependent Interfacial Electronic Behavior in CsPbBr<sub>3</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> Heterostructures: Theoretical and Experimental Insights.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Macro- and Mesoporous Graphene-MXene Architectures Decorated with Rhodium Nanocrystals for Methanol Oxidation Electrocatalysis.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same journal

Halogen-Electronegativity Tuning Induces Symmetry Breaking and Polarity Activation in Chiral Zinc Halide Hybrids.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Phase selection and discovery among five assembly modes in a coordination polymerization.

Stephen R Caskey1, Antek G Wong-Foy, Adam J Matzger

  • 1Department of Chemistry and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, The University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109-1055, USA.

Inorganic Chemistry
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers synthesized five microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) using zinc(II) nitrate and 1,3,5-(triscarboxyphenyl)benzene (H 3BTB). Three novel polymoprhic frameworks were discovered, expanding the library of zinc-based coordination polymers.

More Related Videos

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
11:42

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
09:02

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Published on: July 9, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly
09:34

Synthesis of Information-bearing Peptoids and their Sequence-directed Dynamic Covalent Self-assembly

Published on: February 6, 2020

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers
11:42

Synthesis of Monodisperse Cylindrical Nanoparticles via Crystallization-driven Self-assembly of Biodegradable Block Copolymers

Published on: June 20, 2019

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization
09:02

Using Polystyrene-block-poly(acrylic acid)-coated Metal Nanoparticles as Monomers for Their Homo- and Co-polymerization

Published on: July 9, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) are advanced materials with tunable structures and properties.
  • Zinc-based coordination polymers offer versatile applications in gas storage, separation, and catalysis.
  • The synthesis of novel MCPs with diverse topologies is crucial for expanding their functional potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) based on zinc(II) and 1,3,5-(triscarboxyphenyl)benzene (H 3BTB).
  • To explore the discovery of new crystalline phases through polymer-induced heteronucleation.
  • To investigate the polymorphic relationships and structural diversity among zinc-BTB coordination polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Combination of zinc(II) nitrate with 1,3,5-(triscarboxyphenyl)benzene (H 3BTB) under modified crystallization conditions.
  • Utilizing polymer-induced heteronucleation to discover new phases.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction for structural determination of the synthesized coordination polymers.

Main Results:

  • Five distinct microporous coordination polymers (MCPs) were synthesized, including two known (MOF-177, MOF-39) and three novel phases (Zn/BTB ant, Zn/BTB tsx, Zn/BTB dia).
  • Zn/BTB ant and Zn/BTB tsx exhibit interpenetrated 6,3-connected nets, with Zn/BTB ant based on the anatase net and Zn/BTB tsx on a new 'tsx' framework.
  • Zn/BTB dia features a diamondoid net with trinuclear zinc hourglass secondary building units (SBUs).
  • Zn/BTB ant, Zn/BTB tsx, and MOF-177 are identified as polymorphic frameworks, sharing the same SBU and linker but differing in topology and pore structure.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully expanded the family of zinc-based coordination polymers through controlled synthesis and novel nucleation strategies.
  • The discovery of three new polymorphic frameworks (Zn/BTB ant, Zn/BTB tsx, Zn/BTB dia) highlights the structural diversity achievable with the zinc-BTB system.
  • These findings contribute to the understanding of framework topology control and the potential for creating polyreticular series of coordination polymers.