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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral Hepatitis I: Introduction

Viral hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver caused by infection with hepatotropic viruses, most commonly hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E. Despite variations in structure and transmission, all viruses mentioned infect hepatocytes and provoke immune responses that can hinder liver function. Additionally, some non-hepatotropic viruses can also lead to hepatic inflammation.Hepatitis A VirusHepatitis A virus (HAV) is transmitted through the fecal–oral route, typically by ingestion of food...

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
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Cytomegalovirus Disease

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Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

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An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2012

Cellular immunity and acute hepatitis C infection.

K Fitzmaurice¹, P Klenerman

¹Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.

Current Pharmaceutical Design

|August 5, 2008

Summary

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection often becomes chronic, but some individuals control it. Understanding T cell responses during acute HCV infection is key to developing vaccines and therapies.

Area of Science:

Hepatology
Immunology
Virology

Background:

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects 170 million globally, typically causing persistent liver infection.
Current treatments are often ineffective, and no vaccine exists.
The factors determining spontaneous viral control remain unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To review cellular immune responses in acute Hepatitis C virus infection.
To understand how HCV evades T cell responses and establishes chronic infection.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on cellular immunity in acute HCV infection.
Analysis of immune evasion strategies employed by the Hepatitis C virus.

Main Results:

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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

The CYP2D6 Animal Model: How to Induce Autoimmune Hepatitis in Mice

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Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

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Induction of Drug-Induced, Autoimmune Hepatitis in BALB/c Mice for the Study of Its Pathogenic Mechanisms

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Published on: May 29, 2020

Virus-specific T cells play a critical role in successful viral clearance.

Early post-exposure events significantly influence infection outcomes.

HCV employs specific strategies to undermine T cell responses.

Conclusions:

Understanding T cell dynamics in acute HCV is crucial for vaccine and therapeutic development.
Identifying mechanisms of viral immune evasion is essential for overcoming chronic Hepatitis C.