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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

Overview of Secretory Vesicles

Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
Protein and Protein Structure02:15

Protein and Protein Structure

Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective. They may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly. They are all, however, amino acid polymers arranged in a linear sequence.
A protein's shape is critical to its function. For example, an enzyme can...
Amyloid Fibrils03:03

Amyloid Fibrils

Amyloid fibrils are aggregates of misfolded proteins.  Under most circumstances, misfolded proteins are either refolded by chaperone proteins or degraded by the proteasome. However, in the case of a mutation or a disease, these proteins can accumulate to form large clusters and often further assemble to form elongated fibers, called fibrils. 
Amyloid deposits were observed as early as 1639 in the liver and the spleen.   In 1854, Rudolph Virchow performed iodine staining, normally used to...
Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane01:26

Fusion of Secretory Vesicles with the Plasma Membrane

Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
In 1993, Jim Rothman proposed that the antiparallel pairing of vesicular and transmembrane SNAREs, or...
The Proteasome Structure01:17

The Proteasome Structure

The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway is a well-known mechanism utilized by eukaryotic cells to remove cytoplasmic proteins that are misfolded, damaged, or no longer needed. In this pathway, the protein that needs to be eliminated undergoes a process called ubiquitination, where a chain of ubiquitin molecules is attached to the 48th lysine residue of the target protein. This ubiquitin modification helps the proteasome distinguish between a target protein and a healthy protein.
The proteasome is an...
Protein Folding01:22

Protein Folding

Overview

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Quantitative Measurement of γ-Secretase-mediated Amyloid Precursor Protein and Notch Cleavage in Cell-based Luciferase Reporter Assay Platforms
06:40

Quantitative Measurement of γ-Secretase-mediated Amyloid Precursor Protein and Notch Cleavage in Cell-based Luciferase Reporter Assay Platforms

Published on: January 25, 2018

Beta-secretase: structure, function, and evolution.

Chitra Venugopal1, Christina M Demos, K S Jagannatha Rao

  • 1Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.

CNS & Neurological Disorders Drug Targets
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) may stem from amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide aggregates. Beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1) inhibitors are explored to lower Abeta, but drug development faces challenges due to incomplete understanding of BACE-1 function and regulation.

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Models of Alzheimer's Disease to Screen Genes, Mutations, and Chemicals Affecting Amyloid Beta Production by γ-Secretase
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Imaging the Intracellular Trafficking of APP with Photoactivatable GFP
07:55

Imaging the Intracellular Trafficking of APP with Photoactivatable GFP

Published on: October 17, 2015

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

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Saccharomyces cerevisiae Models of Alzheimer's Disease to Screen Genes, Mutations, and Chemicals Affecting Amyloid Beta Production by γ-Secretase
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Imaging the Intracellular Trafficking of APP with Photoactivatable GFP
07:55

Imaging the Intracellular Trafficking of APP with Photoactivatable GFP

Published on: October 17, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Alzheimer's disease (AD) is hypothesized to be caused by amyloid beta (Abeta) peptide aggregates.
  • Abeta is generated by the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) by beta-secretase 1 (BACE-1) and gamma-secretase.
  • BACE-1 activity is a rate-limiting step in Abeta production, making it a key drug target.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biological properties of BACE-1.
  • To explore phylogenetic perspectives for understanding BACE-1 function.
  • To address challenges in developing selective BACE-1 inhibitors for AD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of BACE-1 biological properties.
  • Phylogenetic analysis to infer BACE-1 function.
  • Discussion of challenges in drug discovery for BACE-1.

Main Results:

  • BACE-1 (Memapsin-2) is a type I transmembrane aspartic protease crucial for neuronal Abeta generation.
  • BACE-2, a homolog of BACE-1, plays a less significant role in neuronal Abeta production.
  • Development of BACE-1 inhibitors is hindered by incomplete understanding of its function and regulatory mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • BACE-1 remains a significant therapeutic target for Alzheimer's disease.
  • Further research into BACE-1 function, regulation, and selective inhibition is critical.
  • Overcoming challenges in developing brain-penetrant, selective BACE-1 inhibitors is essential for effective AD therapy.