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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...
Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells, with environmental factors potentially triggering this process in genetically susceptible individuals. Despite many not having a family history, certain genes increase susceptibility, suggesting a...
Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...
Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications01:15

Diabetes: Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Complications

For most patients, experiencing several weeks of polyuria, polydipsia, fatigue, and significant weight loss may indicate the presence of diabetes. Furthermore, adults displaying the phenotypic appearance of type 2 diabetes (particularly those who are obese and not initially insulin-requiring), may have islet cell autoantibodies, suggesting autoimmune-mediated β cell destruction and a diagnosis of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA). The categorization of glucose homeostasis is based on...
Type II Diabetes I: Introduction01:26

Type II Diabetes I: Introduction

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance, in which target tissues such as the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue respond poorly to insulin. It is also associated with inadequate compensatory insulin secretion, where pancreatic β-cells fail to produce sufficient insulin. Together, these abnormalities lead to persistent hyperglycemia.EtiologyT2DM develops through a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental or...

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Monitoring Blood Glucose in Mouse Offspring After Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
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Diabetes mellitus and birth defects.

Adolfo Correa1, Suzanne M Gilboa, Lilah M Besser

  • 1Division of Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. acorrea@cdc.gov

American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) significantly increases the risk of various birth defects. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is linked to a smaller range of defects, particularly in mothers with a higher prepregnancy BMI.

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Health
  • Pediatric Health
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Maternal diabetes mellitus is a known risk factor for congenital anomalies.
  • Understanding the differential impact of pregestational versus gestational diabetes is crucial for prenatal counseling and risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between pregestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with a wide spectrum of 39 birth defects.
  • To differentiate the risks associated with PGDM and GDM in relation to isolated and multiple congenital anomalies.

Main Methods:

  • A multicenter case-control study utilizing data from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study (1997-2003).
  • Involved analysis of infants with (n=13,030) and without (n=4,895) birth defects.
  • Statistical analysis included adjusted odds ratios to assess the strength of associations.

Main Results:

  • PGDM showed significant associations with both noncardiac (7/23 isolated, 13/23 multiple) and cardiac defects (11/16 isolated, 8/16 multiple).
  • Adjusted odds ratios for PGDM were 3.17 for isolated and 8.62 for multiple defects.
  • GDM was associated with fewer defects (3/23 noncardiac, 3/16 cardiac), with odds ratios of 1.42 (isolated) and 1.50 (multiple).
  • Associations for both PGDM and GDM were more pronounced in mothers with a prepregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m².

Conclusions:

  • PGDM is linked to a broad range of congenital anomalies, affecting both cardiac and noncardiac structures.
  • GDM is associated with a more limited set of birth defects, with increased risk observed particularly in overweight or obese mothers.