Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Global Regulatory Systems01:28

Global Regulatory Systems

843
Global regulatory systems in bacteria enable rapid and coordinated responses to environmental changes by integrating sensory inputs with gene expression, ensuring efficient adaptation to fluctuating conditions. Key global regulatory mechanisms include regulons, two-component systems, sigma factors, and secondary messengers.Regulons and Global RegulatorsA regulon is a collection of genes and operons controlled by a common global regulator. These regulators enable bacteria to prioritize resource...
843
cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways01:25

cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase Pathways

9.1K
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) is an essential second messenger that activates protein kinase A (PKA) and regulates various biological processes. A single epinephrine molecule binds to GPCR and activates several heterotrimeric G proteins, each stimulating multiple adenylyl cyclase, amplifying the signal, and synthesizing large numbers of cAMP molecules. Small changes in cAMP concentration affect PKA activity. The binding of four cAMP molecules induces a conformational change in PKA,...
9.1K
GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity01:09

GPCRs Regulate Adenylyl Cylase Activity

8.1K
Some GPCRs transmit signals through adenylyl cyclase (AC), a transmembrane enzyme. AC helps synthesize second messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). AC catalyzes cyclization reaction and converts ATP to cAMP by releasing a pyrophosphate. The pyrophosphate is further hydrolyzed to phosphate by the enzyme pyrophosphatase, which drives cAMP synthesis to completion. However, cAMP is rapidly degraded to 5′ AMP by the enzymes phosphodiesterase (PDE), preventing overstimulation of...
8.1K
Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents01:30

Adrenergic Agonists: Direct-Acting Agents

3.1K
Drugs that mimic the action of endogenous catecholamines like noradrenaline and adrenaline are called adrenergic agonists or sympathomimetics. Based on their mechanism of action, sympathomimetics can be classified as direct-, indirect-, or mixed-acting sympathomimetics. Direct-acting adrenergic agonists activate adrenoceptors without affecting presynaptic neurons, making them independent of neuronal catecholamine-depleting agents like reserpine and guanethidine.
These agents can be classified...
3.1K
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

2.9K
Exercise induces a range of adaptations in muscle tissue, depending on the type and duration of activity. Such physical training can be broadly categorized into two types: endurance exercises and resistance exercises.
Endurance exercises
Endurance exercises involve running, swimming, or cycling, which require repetitive movements with low force output. When a person engages in endurance exercise, a few noticeable changes occur in their skeletal muscles. For instance, the number of capillaries...
2.9K
Exercise and Cardiovascular Response01:20

Exercise and Cardiovascular Response

4.9K
Exercise significantly impacts cardiovascular response, which is crucial for understanding patient health and designing effective treatment plans.
Light to moderate physical activity initiates a series of interconnected responses in the body. The heart rate modestly increases in anticipation of the workout, followed by widespread vasodilation as oxygen consumption by skeletal muscles increases. This results in decreased peripheral resistance, increased capillary blood flow, and accelerated...
4.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Patient-derived organoids reveal ductal dysfunction and CFTR-modulator responses in chronic pancreatitis.

Cell stem cell·2026
Same author

HDAC inhibition sensitizes pancreatic tumors to DNA damage by global redistribution of the transcriptional machinery.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Author Correction: Autophagic cell death restricts chromosomal instability during replicative crisis.

Nature·2026
Same author

A phase II clinical trial of albumin-bound paclitaxel, cisplatin, gemcitabine (NABPLAGEM), and paricalcitol as neoadjuvant therapy in pancreatic cancer.

The oncologist·2026
Same author

CA19-9 induces microenvironment remodeling in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

HDAC INHIBITION SENSITIZES PANCREATIC TUMORS TO DNA DAMAGE BY GLOBAL REDISTRIBUTION OF THE TRANSCRIPTIONAL MACHINERY.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 17, 2026

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats
06:28

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

Published on: April 28, 2023

1.5K

AMPK and PPARdelta agonists are exercise mimetics.

Vihang A Narkar1, Michael Downes, Ruth T Yu

  • 1Gene Expression Laboratory, Salk Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.

Cell
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Researchers found that targeting the AMPK-PPARdelta pathway with drugs can enhance running endurance. An orally active drug, AICAR, significantly increased endurance in mice, even without exercise, offering potential for metabolic disease treatment.

More Related Videos

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice
08:01

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Published on: May 16, 2021

6.8K
Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice
08:44

Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2017

12.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 17, 2026

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats
06:28

A Chronic High-Intensity Interval Training and Diet-Induced Obesity Model to Maximize Exercise Effort and Induce Physiologic Changes in Rats

Published on: April 28, 2023

1.5K
Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice
08:01

Measurement of Insulin- and Contraction-Stimulated Glucose Uptake in Isolated and Incubated Mature Skeletal Muscle from Mice

Published on: May 16, 2021

6.8K
Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice
08:44

Activating Autophagy by Aerobic Exercise in Mice

Published on: February 3, 2017

12.8K

Area of Science:

  • Exercise physiology
  • Metabolic disease research
  • Pharmacological interventions

Background:

  • Endurance exercise offers health benefits, motivating the search for drugs to mimic or boost its effects for metabolic diseases.
  • Natural compounds like resveratrol show endurance-enhancing properties, but their metabolic targets are unclear.
  • Identifying specific molecular pathways activated by exercise is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of pathway-specific drugs on the endurance capacities of mice.
  • To determine if targeting the AMPK-PPARdelta pathway can enhance exercise adaptations or improve endurance independently of exercise.

Main Methods:

  • Mice endurance was assessed using a treadmill running test.
  • The effects of a PPARbeta/delta agonist and AICAR (an AMPK agonist) on running endurance and muscle characteristics were evaluated.
  • Gene expression related to metabolic pathways was analyzed in response to AICAR treatment.

Main Results:

  • Exercise training and a PPARbeta/delta agonist synergistically increased oxidative muscle fibers and running endurance in mice.
  • AICAR treatment alone, in sedentary mice, significantly enhanced running endurance by 44% after 4 weeks.
  • AICAR treatment induced key metabolic genes, suggesting a molecular basis for the observed endurance enhancement.

Conclusions:

  • The AMPK-PPARdelta pathway is a viable target for pharmacological intervention to improve endurance.
  • Orally active drugs targeting this pathway can enhance training adaptations.
  • Pharmacological activation of the AMPK-PPARdelta pathway may increase endurance even in the absence of exercise, offering a novel therapeutic strategy for metabolic diseases.