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Antigen Processing Pathways

Antigen Processing Pathways

MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and reactivity.

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...

Antigen Presenting Cells

Antigen Presenting Cells

The immune system is a complex network of cells and molecules that protects the body from foreign invaders. T cells, a type of white blood cell, play a crucial role in this process. They recognize and attack foreign substances, such as pathogens, that enter the body.
T cells require the help of antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which process foreign antigens into smaller fragments that can be recognized by T cells. These APCs are highly specialized cells that efficiently internalize antigens...

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

Cell-mediated Immune Responses

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Use of Single Chain MHC Technology to Investigate Co-agonism in Human CD8+ T Cell Activation

Published on: February 28, 2019

MHC class I assembly: out and about.

Malini Raghavan¹, Natasha Del Cid, Syed Monem Rizvi

¹Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA. malinir@umich.edu

Trends in Immunology

|August 5, 2008

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I assembly involves multiple factors. Recent findings reveal how exogenous antigens access MHC class I molecules, crucial for initiating T-cell responses against pathogens and tumors.

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Published on: August 1, 2014

Area of Science:

Immunology
Molecular Biology
Cell Biology

Background:

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules present peptides to cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs).
Assembly of MHC class I molecules is a complex process involving numerous endoplasmic reticulum (ER) resident proteins.
Typically, MHC class I presents endogenous antigens, but exogenous antigen presentation is vital for certain immune responses.

Purpose of the Study:

To review recent advancements in understanding MHC class I assembly factors.
To elucidate the mechanisms by which exogenous antigens are presented by MHC class I molecules.
To discuss the functional interactions of key assembly factors.

Main Methods:

Literature review of recent developments in MHC class I assembly and antigen presentation.
Analysis of the roles of specific assembly factors: transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP), tapasin, ERp57, protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), calnexin, calreticulin, and ER aminopeptidase (ERAAP).
Examination of pathways for exogenous antigen entry into the MHC class I assembly pathway.

Main Results:

Detailed interactions and functions of MHC class I assembly factors have been identified.
Specific pathways enabling exogenous antigens to access MHC class I molecules have been described.
The importance of these mechanisms for initiating CD8+ T-cell responses against pathogens and tumors is highlighted.

Conclusions:

The intricate assembly machinery of MHC class I molecules is essential for effective antigen presentation.
Understanding exogenous antigen pathways for MHC class I is critical for developing novel immunotherapies.
Continued research into these assembly factors and pathways will advance our knowledge of adaptive immunity.