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Related Concept Videos

Euchromatin01:01

Euchromatin

The extent of chromatin compaction can be studied by staining chromatin using specific DNA binding dyes. Under the microscope, the dense-compacted regions take up more dye, appearing darker, while the less-compact areas take up less dye and appear lighter. Based on the compaction level, chromatins are classified into two primary forms – euchromatin and heterochromatin.
Euchromatin is the less dense region of the chromatin and stains lighter. Euchromatin contains histone H3 extensively...
Chromatin Packaging01:32

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base pairs of DNA. Each base pair is 0.34 nm long, meaning each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. This long DNA strand is packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10-20 microns in diameter with the help of specialized DNA-binding proteins called histones. Together they form a compact DNA-protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin is further compacted into higher-order structures. The highest level of compaction is achieved during...
Chromatin Packaging02:21

Chromatin Packaging

Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
The chromatin
In combination with specialized DNA binding protein called Histones, the DNA double helix forms a compact DNA: protein complex called chromatin. The chromatin itself is further compacted into higher-order structures.
Polytene Chromosomes02:04

Polytene Chromosomes

Polytene chromosomes are giant interphase chromosomes with several DNA strands placed side by side. They were discovered in the year 1881 by Balbiani in salivary glands, intestine, muscles, malpighian tubules, and hypoderm of larvae Chironomus plumosus. Hence, these are also called "Salivary gland chromosomes." These are found in insects of the order Diptera and Collembola; in certain organs of mammals; and synergids, antipodes of flowering plants. Polytene chromosomes are also regularly...
Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells
09:18

Photobleaching Assays (FRAP & FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

Published on: June 29, 2011

Visualizing chromatin dynamics in intact cells.

Ty C Voss1, Gordon L Hager

  • 1Laboratory of Receptor Biology and Gene Expression, Building 41, B602, 41 Library Drive, National Cancer Institute, NIH Bethesda, MD 20892-5055, USA.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gene regulation relies on dynamic protein interactions within the cell nucleus. Transcription factors rapidly move and transiently bind chromatin, enabling swift gene expression modulation for physiological processes.

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Photobleaching Assays (FRAP &amp; FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells
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Photobleaching Assays (FRAP & FLIP) to Measure Chromatin Protein Dynamics in Living Embryonic Stem Cells

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Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography
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Imaging Replicative Domains in Ultrastructurally Preserved Chromatin by Electron Tomography

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Gene expression is controlled by chromatin and regulatory proteins within the cell nucleus.
  • Transcription factors and coregulatory proteins modify chromatin structure at gene promoters and enhancers.
  • Rapid modulation of gene expression is crucial for various physiological processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review how dynamic interactions of transcriptional regulatory proteins facilitate gene expression.
  • To explore the mechanisms by which these proteins find targets, alter chromatin, and modulate gene expression.

Main Methods:

  • Live cell imaging of fluorescently-tagged proteins.
  • Photobleaching studies to analyze protein dynamics.
  • Review of existing literature on chromatin dynamics and gene regulation.

Main Results:

  • Transcription factors and chromatin-associated proteins exhibit rapid nucleoplasmic movement.
  • Gene activation involves transient interactions between transcription factors and regulatory DNA sequences.
  • Stable, long-lived regulatory complexes are not essential for gene activation.

Conclusions:

  • Dynamic interactions are key for transcriptional regulatory proteins to locate targets and modulate gene expression.
  • The transient nature of these interactions allows for rapid and flexible control of cellular processes.
  • Understanding these dynamics provides insights into fundamental mechanisms of gene regulation.