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Updated: Jul 3, 2026

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

MicroRNA-based Regulation of Picornavirus Tropism

Published on: February 6, 2017

Divergent picornavirus IRES elements.

Graham J Belsham¹

¹National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lindholm, DK-4771 Kalvehave, Denmark. grbe@vet.dtu.dk

|August 5, 2008

Summary

Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements initiate cap-independent translation on viral RNA. This review details four IRES classes, focusing on a novel group similar to Hepatitis C virus and pestivirus elements.

Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Virology

Background:

Internal ribosome entry site (IRES) elements mediate cap-independent translation initiation of viral RNA.
Four distinct classes of picornavirus IRES elements have been identified, differing in size, structure, and protein requirements.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the characteristics of different picornavirus IRES element classes.
To focus on a recently identified IRES group with similarities to Hepatitis C virus and pestivirus IRES elements.
To discuss initiation codon selection by these IRES elements.

Main Methods:

Literature review of existing research on picornavirus IRES elements.
Comparative analysis of IRES structures and functions across different viral families.
Discussion of cellular protein requirements for IRES activity.

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Main Results:

Picornavirus IRES elements exhibit significant diversity in size (270-450 nt) and complex secondary structures.
A novel IRES class, found in porcine teschovirus-1, shares features with Hepatitis C virus and pestivirus (flavivirus family) IRES elements.
Distinct IRES classes display varied requirements for host cell proteins.

Conclusions:

Picornavirus IRES elements represent a diverse set of translation initiation mechanisms.
The newly characterized IRES group highlights evolutionary links between picornaviruses and flaviviruses.
Understanding IRES function is crucial for deciphering viral RNA translation and developing antiviral strategies.