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Related Concept Videos

Thermosensation01:43

Thermosensation

Peripheral thermosensation is the perception of external temperature. A change in temperature (on the surface of the skin and other tissues) is detected by a family of temperature-sensitive ion channels called Transient Receptor Potential, or TRP, receptors. These receptors are located on free nerve endings. Those detecting cold temperatures are closer to the surface of the skin than the nerve endings detecting warmth. These thermoTRP channels, while temperature selective, have relatively...
Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview01:16

Thermal Sigmatropic Reactions: Overview

Sigmatropic rearrangements are a class of pericyclic reactions in which a σ bond migrates from one part of a π system to another. These are intramolecular rearrangements where the total number of σ and π bonds remain unchanged.
Sigmatropic shifts are classified based on an order term [i, j ], where i and j indicate the number of atoms across which each end of the σ bond migrates. Below are examples of a [3,3] sigmatropic shift in 1,5-hexadiene, referred to as...
Thermochemical Equations02:55

Thermochemical Equations

For a chemical reaction (the system) carried out at constant pressure – with the only work done caused by expansion or contraction – the enthalpy of reaction (also called the heat of reaction, ΔHrxn) is equal to the heat exchanged with the surroundings (qp).
Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Fabricating Degradable Thermoresponsive Hydrogels on Multiple Length Scales via Reactive Extrusion, Microfluidics, Self-assembly, and Electrospinning
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Thermo-responsive monolithic materials.

Farnoosh Roohi1, Markus Antonietti, Maria-Magdalena Titirici

  • 1Max-Planck Institute for Colloids and Interfaces, Research Campus Golm, Am Mühlenberg 1, D-14476 Golm, Germany.

Journal of Chromatography. A
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed a novel thermo-responsive polymer-coated silica monolithic column for High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This innovative column allows for steroid separation by simply adjusting temperature, offering an alternative to traditional methods.

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Chromatography
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) has seen advancements with monolithic silica columns offering faster separations and lower back pressure than bead-based columns.
  • Current reversed-phase monolithic columns typically require mobile phase composition changes for separation optimization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present an alternative to reversed-phase monolithic columns using a thermo-responsive polymer coupled to hydrophilic silica monoliths.
  • To demonstrate temperature-controlled separation optimization for steroids.

Main Methods:

  • Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) was synthesized using reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization.
  • PNIPAM was coupled in situ onto an amino-modified silica monolithic column.
  • Separation performance was evaluated for steroids using an aqueous mobile phase under isocratic conditions and compared to RP-18 monolithic columns.

Main Results:

  • The developed thermo-responsive monolithic column successfully separated steroids.
  • Separation optimization was achieved solely by altering the column temperature.
  • Performance was comparable to standard RP-18 monolithic columns.

Conclusions:

  • A convenient method for creating thermo-responsive hydrophilic silica monolithic columns was established.
  • Temperature-based separation control offers a practical alternative to mobile phase modification in HPLC.
  • This approach provides a versatile platform for chromatographic separations.