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Hypoxia

Hypoxia

Hypoxia is a medical condition characterized by an inadequate oxygen supply to body tissues. It typically manifests as a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucosae, especially in fair-skinned individuals, when hemoglobin (Hb) saturation drops below 75%.
Types of Hypoxia
There are four primary types of hypoxia, each resulting from a different cause:
1. Anemic hypoxia: This type occurs due to insufficient oxygen delivery caused by a lack of red blood cells (RBCs) or RBCs with abnormal or...

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Acute Respiratory Failure-II

Type I Respiratory Failure, or hypoxemic respiratory failure, occurs when the partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) in arterial blood falls below 60 mmHg while breathing room air without a corresponding increase in arterial carbon dioxide levels (PaCO2). This condition highlights a significant impairment in the lungs' capacity to oxygenate the blood.
The underlying physiological abnormalities that contribute to hypoxemic respiratory failure include:

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Oxygen Transport in the Blood

Hemoglobin (Hb) is a crucial molecule in the human body, consisting of four polypeptide chains, each bound to an iron-containing heme group. This unique structure enables hemoglobin to bind to oxygen, with each molecule capable of combining with four molecules of oxygen, leading to rapid and reversible oxygen loading. When fully loaded with oxygen, it is called oxyhemoglobin, while hemoglobin that has released oxygen is called reduced hemoglobin or deoxyhemoglobin. As hemoglobin binds oxygen,...

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Oxygen Therapy for Respiratory Failure

Oxygen therapy has emerged as a significant tool in enhancing the quality of life for patients suffering from pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). While this therapy has principally been studied on patients with significant hypoxemia, this therapeutic approach helps prevent potential organ damage and can be administered in the comfort of one's home.
Oxygen therapy is vital in increasing and maintaining blood oxygen levels in PAH patients. As a result, it aids in reducing fatigue, improving...

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas Exchange and Transport

Gas exchange, the intake of molecular oxygen (O2) from the environment and the outflow of carbon dioxide (CO2) into the environment, is necessary for cellular function. Gas exchange during respiration occurs largely via the movement of gas molecules along pressure gradients. Gas travels from areas of higher partial pressure to areas of lower partial pressure. In mammals, gas exchange occurs in the alveoli of the lungs, which are adjacent to capillaries and share a membrane with them.

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen Delivering System II: Venturi Mask and Transtracheal Oxygen

Oxygen therapy is a pivotal aspect of medical care, particularly for patients with respiratory ailments. Two prominent oxygen-delivering systems include the Venturi mask and the transtracheal oxygen catheter.
Venturi Mask
The Venturi mask, named after the Venturi effect, is designed to deliver precise oxygen concentrations. It consists of a large tube with an oxygen inlet that narrows down, causing a pressure drop that pulls air in through adjustable side ports. The mask is a lightweight,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

Published on: May 30, 2011

QT dispersion during hypobaric hypoxia.

Cengiz Oztürk¹, Ahmet Sen, Cengiz Han Açikel

¹Department of Cardiology, Military Hospital, Eskişehir, Turkey. cisozt@yahoo.com

Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi : AKD = the Anatolian Journal of Cardiology

|August 5, 2008

Summary

Hypobaric hypoxia exposure in aviators did not significantly alter heart rate-corrected QT dispersion (QTcd), suggesting it may not be a reliable indicator of arrhythmia risk in healthy individuals under these conditions.

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A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

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Published on: December 22, 2016

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Magnetic Resonance Imaging Quantification of Pulmonary Perfusion using Calibrated Arterial Spin Labeling

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Published on: May 30, 2011

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Physiology
Aerospace Medicine
Electrocardiography

Background:

Hypoxia is a significant concern in aviation, potentially affecting cardiac electrophysiology.
Clinical hypoxia has been linked to increased QT dispersion (QTd), a marker of cardiac repolarization heterogeneity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the effect of hypobaric hypoxia on QT dispersion in healthy male aviators undergoing simulated high-altitude training.
To assess whether QTd is a valid indicator of arrhythmogenic predisposition during hypobaric hypoxic exposure.

Main Methods:

A longitudinal study involving 38 healthy male aviators.
12-lead digital Holter ECG recordings were obtained before, during, and after exposure to a simulated altitude of 30,000 ft in a hypobaric chamber.
Manual measurement of QT intervals and calculation of QT dispersion (QTd) and heart rate-corrected QT dispersion (QTcd).

Main Results:

QT dispersion (QTd) significantly decreased during hypoxic exposure (p=0.0001) and remained lower post-exposure compared to pre-exposure (p=0.046).
Heart rate significantly increased during hypoxic exposure (p=0.0001).
Heart rate-corrected QT dispersion (QTcd) did not show a statistically significant change (p>0.1).

Conclusions:

The study suggests that QT dispersion, particularly when corrected for heart rate, may not be a reliable or practical method to assess arrhythmia predisposition in healthy individuals exposed to hypobaric hypoxia.
The relationship between QT dispersion and hypobaric hypoxic exposure requires further investigation, especially concerning the influence of heart rate adjustments.