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Related Concept Videos

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism01:24

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Metabolism

In pediatric care, understanding the nuances of hepatic drug metabolism is crucial, as it significantly differs from that of adults. This divergence is primarily due to the developmental stage of drug-metabolizing enzymes, which affects how medications are processed in the body. In neonates, for instance, the activity of Phase I enzymes—critical for the initial breakdown of drugs—is markedly reduced, functioning at just 20–40% of the levels seen in adults. This reduction poses a challenge in...
Decreased pulse rate01:14

Decreased pulse rate

Bradycardia is a medical condition in which the heart rate is slower than normal. It occurs when the heart's natural pacemaker, the sinus node, generates slower electrical impulses than the standard rhythm. In adults, bradycardia is diagnosed when the pulse rate falls below 60 beats per minute, indicating a deviation from the normal heart rate range.
There are specific risk factors that can elevate the likelihood of developing bradycardia. Advanced age is a significant factor, with bradycardia...
Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation01:17

Pulmonary Cycle: Exhalation

In terms of human respiration, the act of expelling air, known as exhalation (or expiration), operates on the principle of pressure gradients. During expiration, the pressure within the lungs exceeds that of the surrounding atmosphere. Under normal conditions, quiet breathing involves passive exhalation and is free of muscular contractions. This is because the exhalation process is driven by the natural elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall, both of which have an inherent tendency to...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution01:17

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
Exercise and Cardiac Output01:17

Exercise and Cardiac Output

Regular physical activity is essential for maintaining cardiovascular health, with aerobic exercises being particularly effective. According to the American Heart Association, 150 minutes of moderate to intense aerobic exercise per week is recommended for a healthy heart. Aerobic activities may include brisk walking, running, bicycling, cross-country skiing, and swimming, ideally performed three to five times per week.
Sustained exercise increases the muscles' oxygen demand, which can be met...
Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption01:23

Pharmacokinetics in Pediatric Patients: Overview and Drug Absorption

Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis
06:19

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis

Published on: January 7, 2018

Reduced exercise capacity in children born very preterm.

Lucia Jane Smith1, Peter Paul van Asperen, Karen Olwyn McKay

  • 1Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. m_gsmith@optusnet.com.au

Pediatrics
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Children born very preterm show significantly reduced exercise capacity by age 10, despite mild lung function abnormalities. Further research is needed to understand and potentially improve this exercise limitation in survivors.

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis
06:19

A Rat Model of Mild Intrauterine Hypoperfusion with Microcoil Stenosis

Published on: January 7, 2018

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats
07:36

Modeling Encephalopathy of Prematurity Using Prenatal Hypoxia-ischemia with Intra-amniotic Lipopolysaccharide in Rats

Published on: November 20, 2015

Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Pulmonology
  • Neonatal Follow-up
  • Exercise Physiology

Background:

  • Increased survival rates for very preterm infants necessitate understanding long-term health outcomes.
  • Limited data exists on the respiratory and fitness status of school-aged children born very preterm.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess 10-year lung function and fitness in children born weighing <1000 g and before 32 weeks' gestation.
  • To compare outcomes with term-born controls.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 126 very preterm children (mean age 10 years) and 34 term-born controls.
  • Comprehensive lung function tests (spirometry, lung volumes, gas exchange) and fitness assessments (6-minute walk, 20-m shuttle run).

Main Results:

  • Very preterm children exhibited significantly lower spirometric values than controls.
  • Higher lung volumes and transfer factor values were observed in the preterm group compared to controls.
  • Exercise capacity was approximately halved in the preterm group, with no difference in 6-minute walk distance.

Conclusions:

  • School-aged children born very preterm demonstrate significant exercise capacity impairment.
  • This impairment occurs despite mild small-airway obstruction and gas trapping.
  • Further investigation is needed to determine the cause of exercise limitation and potential interventions.