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Related Concept Videos

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries
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Identification of Mediators of T-cell Receptor Signaling via the Screening of Chemical Inhibitor Libraries

Published on: January 22, 2019

Directing T cell differentiation and function with small molecule inhibitors.

Ludovica Bruno1, Matthias Merkenschlager

  • 1Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.

Cell Cycle (Georgetown, Tex.)
|August 5, 2008
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Regulatory T (Treg) cells, crucial for preventing autoimmunity, rely on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway for Foxp3 expression and migration. This pathway

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Retroviral Transduction of Helper T Cells as a Genetic Approach to Study Mechanisms Controlling their Differentiation and Function

Published on: November 4, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory T (Treg) cells express Foxp3, a transcription factor vital for preventing autoimmunity and immune pathology.
  • The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling network is implicated in Treg cell function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent data on the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling network's role in Foxp3 expression and CD4 T cell differentiation.
  • To explore the involvement of this signaling network in T cell migration.
  • To consider the evolutionary context and potential immunotherapy implications of these findings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in T cells.
  • Analysis of data concerning Foxp3 expression and CD4 T cell differentiation.
  • Examination of research on T cell migration pathways.
  • Discussion of evolutionary aspects and immunotherapy applications.

Main Results:

  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway is a key regulator of de novo Foxp3 expression in CD4 T cells.
  • This signaling network also plays a significant role in controlling T cell migration.
  • Recent data highlight the multifaceted role of PI3K/Akt/mTOR in Treg cell biology.

Conclusions:

  • The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway is central to Treg cell development and function, influencing both differentiation and migration.
  • Understanding this pathway's regulation of Foxp3 expression offers potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases.
  • Further research into the evolutionary context and immunotherapy applications of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling in Tregs is warranted.