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Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes Mellitus: Overview and Type I Subtype

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. As a result, the body is unable to produce sufficient insulin, and individuals with...

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Pathophysiology of Diabetes

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type I Diabetes III: Clinical Manifestations

Type 1 diabetes mellitus typically presents with rapid-onset symptoms due to the body’s inability to utilize glucose in the absence of insulin. Since insulin is required for glucose uptake into cells, its deficiency leads to hyperglycemia and cellular energy deprivation, resulting in characteristic clinical features.Polyuria and PolydipsiaOne of the earliest, most prominent symptoms is polyuria (excessive urination). When blood glucose concentrations rise above the renal threshold, the kidneys...

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

Type II Diabetes Mellitus III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

Published on: November 29, 2024

[Diabetes mellitus].

Andrej Zeyfang¹

¹Bethesda Krankenhaus Stuttgart, Hohenheimerstrasse 21, Stuttgart.

Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique

|August 5, 2008

Summary

Diabetes mellitus is common in older adults and worsens geriatric syndromes. Insulin therapy may improve frail elderly diabetics due to its anabolic effects beyond glucose control.

Area of Science:

Gerontology
Endocrinology
Metabolic Diseases

Context:

Diabetes mellitus affects up to 25% of individuals over 75.
Diabetic elderly patients experience higher rates of geriatric syndromes like immobility, falls, incontinence, and cognitive decline.
There is a complex interplay between geriatric syndromes and diabetes management.

Purpose:

To explore the molecular mechanisms linking frailty, geriatric syndromes, and diabetes in the elderly.
To investigate the potential benefits of insulin therapy in frail elderly patients with diabetes.

Summary:

Frailty in elderly individuals with diabetes is associated with elevated levels of advanced glycation end products and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-alpha).
Insulin possesses anabolic properties that inhibit protein catabolism, which are beneficial for frail individuals.

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

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Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Modeling and Evaluation of Murine Diabetic Cardiomyopathy Model

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Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT) and Insulin Tolerance Test (ITT)

Published on: January 7, 2018

Insulin therapy can potentially improve the condition of frail elderly patients with diabetes through its anabolic effects, independent of blood glucose normalization.

Impact:

Highlights the molecular basis of frailty in diabetic elderly patients.
Suggests a therapeutic approach for improving the health status of frail elderly individuals with diabetes.
Emphasizes the multifaceted role of insulin in geriatric metabolic health.