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Related Concept Videos

Graves' Disease I: Introduction01:28

Graves' Disease I: Introduction

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes hyperthyroidism, or overactivity of the thyroid gland. It results from autoantibodies called thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSIs), which bind to thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) receptors, leading to overstimulation of hormone production and a hypermetabolic state.EtiologyAlthough considered idiopathic, Graves’ disease has well-established contributing factors. There is a strong genetic component, with increased prevalence in...
Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology01:24

Graves Disease II: Pathophysiology

Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder characterized by the production of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins (TSI) that activate TSH receptors, leading to excessive synthesis and release of thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) and resulting in hyperthyroidism.Among all causes of hyperthyroidism, Graves’ disease is the most common and can happen at any age, though it is more frequent in women. It produces a hypermetabolic state with features such as weight loss, tachycardia, tremor, and heat...
Goiter01:27

Goiter

Goiter refers to an abnormal enlargement of the thyroid gland that may appear as a diffuse goiter (uniform enlargement) or nodular (single or multiple nodules). Functionally, it is classified as nontoxic (normal/low hormone levels) or toxic (excess hormone production).PathophysiologyDiffuse thyroid enlargement typically results from prolonged stimulation by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) or TSH-like agents, commonly seen in hypothyroidism or iodine deficiency. In contrast, in hyperthyroid...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:23

Hypothyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hypothyroidism is a disorder characterized by insufficient production of thyroid hormones, which regulate metabolism, energy balance, and multiple organ systems.TypesHypothyroidism is classified based on the level of dysfunction. Primary hypothyroidism results from intrinsic thyroid gland dysfunction, causing reduced hormone production despite normal or increased stimulation. Secondary hypothyroidism arises from inadequate thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion by the pituitary. Tertiary...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis in a pediatric population: a longitudinal study.

Sripathy Gopalakrishnan1, Pradeep Kumar Chugh, Mitrabasu Chhillar

  • 1Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India.

Pediatrics
|August 6, 2008
PubMed
Summary

Autoimmune thyroiditis can progress to hypothyroidism, even in euthyroid or subclinical states. Regular thyroid function monitoring is crucial, especially in children and adolescents, to ensure proper growth and development.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 3, 2026

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model
04:39

Generation of a Mouse Spontaneous Autoimmune Thyroiditis Model

Published on: March 17, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pediatric Endocrinology
  • Autoimmune Diseases

Background:

  • Autoimmune thyroiditis presents with varied thyroid function, from normal to hypothyroidism.
  • The progression rate of thyroid dysfunction in autoimmune thyroiditis is not well-established.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the rate of thyroid function deterioration in pediatric patients with autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • To observe the progression from euthyroid and subclinical hypothyroid states to overt hypothyroidism.

Main Methods:

  • 98 pediatric patients (8-18 years) with autoimmune thyroiditis and goiter were classified by thyroid function (euthyroid, subclinical, or overt hypothyroidism).
  • Thyroid function was monitored periodically for at least 24 months.

Main Results:

  • At presentation, 24.5% were euthyroid, 32.6% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 42.9% had overt hypothyroidism.
  • Hypothyroidism developed in 3/24 euthyroid patients and 4/32 subclinical hypothyroid patients during follow-up.
  • All hypothyroid patients were managed with thyroxine to maintain euthyroid status.

Conclusions:

  • Periodic thyroid function monitoring is essential for patients with goitrous autoimmune thyroiditis.
  • Thyroid dysfunction can develop insidiously without clear symptoms.
  • Timely correction of thyroid dysfunction is vital for optimal growth and development in pediatric and adolescent populations.